Explain6 marks2026Q79Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why the League of Nations failed to achieve some of its aims up to 1933.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q80Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How successful was Nazi foreign policy between 1935 and 1938?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons for Chamberlainβs adoption of the policy of appeasement.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β is from a speech given by the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1937.
It was true, as the Chiefs of Staff had pointed out, that we were not financially ready for war with Germany alone. France was our most important friend. However, the French air force is far from satisfactory, and a long time may elapse before they can give us much help. The power that has the greatest strength is the United States of America. Yet, the Americans have shown no desire to become involved in European affairs.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully6 marks2026Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source B describe the Pact of Steel, 1939?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the Pact of Steel, 1939.
The Pact of Steel was initially a defensive alliance. The final version was a military and political agreement that formalised the alliance between Rome and Berlin. The signing of the Pact escalated tensions with Britain and France, which contributed to them abandoning the policy of appeasement. The Pact was part of Hitlerβs plan to prepare for conflict with the Allies. Mussoliniβs wider foreign policy aims were mainly concerned with expanding Italyβs territory and enhancing his personal reputation. Other countries in Europe also made alliances during this time.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Describe4 marks2025Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
loss of territory reduced Germany, for example, Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar Basin
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war, for example, Article 231
Germany had to pay reparations putting a strain on the economy
military restrictions, for example, German Army was limited to 100,000 troops
Explain6 marks2025Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler wanted to rearm Germany in the 1930s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
rearmament went against the Treaty of Versailles, which he had promised to destroy
many in Germany would see rearming as Hitler fulfilling his promise to restore their pride
increasing the armed forces would make him popular with army leaders whose support he needed
rearmament would provide thousands of jobs and help reduce unemployment in Germany
Hitler wanted to prevent France from being able to invade the Ruhr
powerful armed forces would deter Britain and France interfering in future
Hitler had promised to unite all Germans so needed an army to do this
Hitler wanted to make Germany a great world power so needed a strong military force
Hitler wanted lebensraum in the east and powerful armed forces were needed to do this
Compare the views4 marks2025Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Anschluss.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Anschluss.
The Treaty of Versailles was wrong in many ways about how Europe should be organised. In fact, the population of Austria had many German speakers who were enthusiastic about belonging to Germany again and welcomed the Anschluss. I donβt see why we should have opposed this action β Austria was better off as part of Germany. It was a peaceful affair, more like a change of government than an invasion.
Source B
There was no real objection to the union of Germany and Austria with many claiming Austria would be more prosperous. Both were Germanic countries with a German-speaking population and so many welcomed the reunion with greater Germany. There was no violence over the matter, the Nazis simply walked in and took over the government. After Germany entered Austria, there was little reaction from Britain and France.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the Anschluss.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: In fact, the population of Austria had many German speakers who were enthusiastic about belonging to Germany again and welcomed the Anschluss.
Source B: Both were Germanic countries with a German-speaking population and so many welcomed the reunion with greater Germany.
agree
Source A: I donβt see why we should have opposed this action β Austria was better off as part of Germany.
Source B: There was no real objection to the union of Germany and Austria with many claiming Austria would be more prosperous.
agree
Source A: It was a peaceful affair, more like a change of government than an invasion.
Source B: There was no violence over the matter, the Nazis simply walked in and took over the government.
To what extent9 marks2025Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How important was the lack of strong allies in influencing Chamberlainβs decision to follow a policy of appeasement?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors).
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Lack of strong allies
France was willing to support conflict with Germany, for example, Rhineland, Sudetenland
USA was following an isolationist policy
Chamberlain did not trust Communist Russia
Empire was unwilling to fight
Military concerns
Britainβs military chiefs stressed Britainβs military weakness
Britain was concerned about Germanyβs powerful army and air force, for example, βThe Bomber will always get throughβ
Public opinion
majority of the public were still fearful of war after the huge losses suffered during World War One
public concerns over the cost of rearmament
there was a significant pacifist movement in the 1930s which was strongly against war, for example, the βPeace Ballotβ
the problems of Czechoslovakia seemed remote to the majority of the public
Relations with Hitler
Chamberlain believed that Hitler had a genuine grievance over the Sudetenland and Versailles was unjust
Chamberlain felt Hitler was a man he could do business with
How fully6 marks2025Q85Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source C describe the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, 1939?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, 1939.
Hitler soon turned his attention to the rest of Czechoslovakia. On 15 March 1939, Germany invaded the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. They instead became known as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and were placed under Nazi rule. By the end of 1939, Czechoslovakia had completely disappeared from the map. The British public reacted angrily to the news of events in Czechoslovakia. Despite breaking the Munich Pact almost immediately, Hitler did not face a military response from the Allies.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
On 15 March 1939, Germany invaded the Czech provinces of Bohemia and Moravia. (The German army invaded Bohemia and Moravia.)
They instead became known as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and were placed under Nazi rule. (Bohemia and Moravia taken under German control.)
By the end of 1939, Czechoslovakia had completely disappeared from the map. (Czechoslovakia ceased to exist.)
Despite breaking the Munich Pact almost immediately, Hitler did not face a military response from the Allies. (Hitler faced no military reaction.)
Points of significant omission
the Czech president (Hacha) was intimidated into accepting the German occupation
Hitler negotiated with Hungary and the Slovaks to divide up Czechoslovakia prior to invasion
the Czech army gave the Germans little resistance
Czech airfields that were in range of many German cities were lost
the Czech armaments industry were taken over by Germany, for example, the Skoda works
the German army took over large numbers of Czech tanks
Slovakia split away to form a separate βpuppet stateβ
Describe4 marks2024Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the weaknesses of the League of Nations up to 1933.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
it was associated with the unpopular Treaty of Versailles
the aims of the League were too ambitious
not every country was a member when the League was set up, for example, Germany and Russia
Compare the views4 marks2024Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
On 28 June 1919, the delegates met at the Palace of Versailles to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The main consequence of the Treaty was that Germans blamed the Allied nations for the problems in Germany. Germany claimed they could not afford the reparations demanded by the Treaty. After the war, pressure was put on the German economy because the Weimar Government had to immediately start paying reparations.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
At the end of the First World War, the Allies had met to decide the future of Germany. The reparations set by the Treaty were an amount that Germany could easily pay. The impact of the reparations bill on the German economy was minimised because the final sum was not decided until 1921. Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles led to Germans blaming their own government for their difficulties.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the impact of the Treaty of Versailles.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The main consequence of the Treaty was that Germans blamed the Allied nations for the problems in Germany.
Source B: Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles led to Germans blaming their own government for their difficulties.
disagree
Source A: Germany claimed they could not afford the reparations demanded by the Treaty.
Source B: The reparations set by the Treaty were an amount that Germany could easily pay.
disagree
Source A: After the war, pressure was put on the German economy because the Weimar Government had to immediately start paying reparations.
Source B: The impact of the reparations bill on the German economy was minimised because the final sum was not decided until 1921.
Explain6 marks2024Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler wanted to re-arm Germany in the 1930s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Hitler wanted to abolish the Treaty of Versailles, which severely limited German armed forces
increasing the armed forces would restore the pride of the German people
re-armament would make him popular with army leaders
re-armament would help reduce unemployment in Germany by providing thousands of jobs
Hitler wanted to make Germany safe from invasion by other countries
powerful armed forces would enable him to defy Britain and France over Versailles
Hitler wanted to make Germany a great world power and needed strong military forces to do this
Hitler wanted to secure Lebensraum and needed powerful armed forces to do this
Hitler planned to attack Russia because he hated Communism
How fully6 marks2024Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement up to 1938?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement up to 1938.
Appeasement was necessary because money could not be found for re-armament to fight another war. Some people now thought that given the harsh treatment of Germany at Versailles, Hitler's demands were reasonable. Chamberlain, who had been Chancellor before becoming Prime Minister in 1937, had a reputation as a skilled negotiator. Chamberlain was in favour of face-to-face talks with Europe's leaders and believed he could negotiate directly with Hitler. The British Government took the view that Communist Russia was the real threat to peace in the world.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Appeasement was necessary because money could not be found for re-armament to fight another war. (Britain couldn't afford to go to war with Germany.)
Some people now thought that given the harsh treatment of Germany at Versailles, Hitler's demands were reasonable. (The public thought that Germany's demands over Versailles were reasonable.)
Chamberlain was in favour of face-to-face talks with Europe's leaders and believed he could negotiate directly with Hitler. (Chamberlain thought he could reason with Hitler.)
The British Government took the view that Communist Russia was the real threat to peace in the world. (Communist Russia was perceived to be more of a threat.)
Points of significant omission
Britain had no reliable allies in the event of war, for example, Empire uncertain, France was not trusted, and USA was isolationist
the British public were still traumatised by memories of World War I
many British were unwilling to support military action
chiefs of the armed forces advised that the British military was unprepared for war
the British people wanted to spend money on housing and social care, not re-armament
by appeasing Hitler, Britain bought itself time to re-arm and strengthen the military
there was fear of war due to the likely destruction caused by bombing from the air
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q85Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons why Germany declared war on Poland in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D β is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2008.
After World War One, the creation of Poland meant that large areas of land had been taken from Germany, which they wanted back. It didn't help that millions of Germans were forced to live under Polish rule which angered Hitler. Germany wanted to take back the city of Danzig that had been taken away from them and run by the League of Nations. Nonetheless, Germany signed a non-aggression treaty with Poland in 1934, which made Poland feel safer.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they would be a well-informed expert on Poland and the declaration of war.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as it would have been thoroughly researched on the reasons why Germany declared war on Poland.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about the declaration of war.
Timing: 2008 β Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
After World War One, the creation of Poland meant that large areas of land had been taken from Germany, which they wanted back. (Useful because it is accurate (Germany wanted to regain land taken away from them with the creation of Poland).)
It didn't help that millions of Germans were forced to live under Polish rule which angered Hitler. (Useful because it is accurate (Hitler disliked Germans living under Polish rule).)
Germany wanted to take back the city of Danzig that had been taken away from them and run by the League of Nations. (Useful because it is accurate (Germany wanted the return of Danzig).)
Points of significant omission
the Polish corridor divided East Prussia from the rest of Germany which angered many Germans
the Nazi-Soviet Pact allowed Hitler to attack Poland without repercussions
Hitler did not believe that Britain would help Poland in the event of war
Hitler believed that he would be able to negotiate with Britain
How fully6 marks2023Q79Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source A describe the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
In June the Treaty was finalised, it was clear before then that we would not be consulted. We ask you now, how will this treaty impact Germany in years to come? If we accept this treaty we will abandon generations of our people to foreign rule. We are effectively agreeing to make Germany defenceless against attack by other nations. There is also the matter of theft of our overseas territory. If we do not accept, we cannot survive. So we must agree, but we believe this Treaty is a Diktat.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which supports their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
If we accept this treaty we will abandon generations of our people to foreign rule. (Some people currently living as part of Germany will be forced into the rule of another country.)
We are effectively agreeing to make Germany defenceless against attack by other nations. (Germany will not be able to defend itself from future attack.)
There is also the matter of theft of our overseas territory. (Germany will lose their overseas territory.)
So we must agree, but we believe this Treaty is a Diktat. (This shows that Germans resented the Treaty.)
Points of significant omission
military terms of the Treaty of Versailles reduced the German armed forces
Germany felt humiliated by being blamed for starting the war, for example, War Guilt Clause
reparations strained the German economy
some Germans blamed the new democratic government for signing the Treaty
Germany was forbidden from joining the League of Nations
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q80Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of British attitudes to the reoccupation of the Rhineland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a diary of a member of the British Government in 1936
Source B is from a diary of a member of the British Government in 1936.
Against the advice of his Generals, Hitler has pursued more aggressive tactics in the Rhineland. The Treaties of Versailles and Locarno forbade this but Hitler has calculated that this move would seem of little importance to Britain compared with the Abyssinian crisis. He is right of course; there is no section of British public opinion that would support action against Germany on this issue. I believe that we should not go to war, and most British people would agree with me.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: member of the British Government (Useful as they were a member of the British government who would be well informed about British attitudes towards the Rhineland.)
Type of source: diary (Useful as it contains an honest opinion. May be less useful as possibility of bias.)
Purpose: to record (Useful as it a diary entry and likely to be more truthful.)
Timing: 1936 (Useful as it will provide a firsthand account of opinions at the time of the re-occupation of the Rhineland.)
Content
The Treaties of Versailles and Locarno forbade this but Hitler has calculated that this move would seem of little importance to Britain compared with the Abyssinian crisis. (Useful because it is accurate (the Italian invasion of Abyssinia was seen as a more serious threat to peace).)
He is right of course; there is no section of British public opinion that would support action against Germany on this issue. (Useful because it is accurate (the British people would not have supported Britain taking action against Germany).)
I believe that we should not go to war, and most British people would agree with me. (Useful because it is accurate (many in Britain were anti-war).)
Points of significant omission
the British government overestimated Germanyβs armed forces
Britain did not have the military forces to intervene
intervention would be costly and the British government did not have the money
Britain and France were divided and could not agree about how to respond
Explain6 marks2023Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Britain adopted the policy of appeasement in the 1930s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
the Great Depression meant there was less money for rearmament
the British people were opposed to war because of loss of life in the First World War
there was a strong pacifist movement in Britain, for example, White Poppy campaign
Chamberlain believed that he could negotiate with Hitler
some people in Britain believed that Communism was a bigger threat than Fascism
some people in Britain felt that the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh
there was a fear of the destructiveness of bombing in the event of war
British forces were unprepared for a large-scale military conflict
Germany had rearmed with a powerful army and air force
Britain felt she had no reliable allies, for example, France was not trusted, USA was isolationist
countries of the Empire warned that they might not support Britain in another European war
To what extent9 marks2023Q82(a)Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
To what extent was the Nazi invasion of Poland the main reason for the declaration of war in 1939?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Invasion of Poland
France and Britain had a defensive pact with Poland committing them to declare war on Germany if they threatened Polish independence
appeasement was discredited as a policy for dealing with Fascist aggression forcing Britain and France to act
Britain and Franceβs strategic interests in Europe were threatened by the expansion of Germany into Poland
Nazi-Soviet Pact
the agreement stated that Germany and the USSR would not fight one another, this left Germany free to attack Poland
by agreeing to divide Poland between Russia and Germany, Hitler was confident that Russia would not stand in Germanyβs way
Hitler believed that Britain and France would not go to war over Poland without Russian assistance
Britainβs changing attitudes
many people in Britain were influenced by Churchillβs anti-appeasement speeches
there were many British people who did not agree with appeasing Hitler and who would support military action against Nazi aggression, for example, the Oxford by-election
rearmament and preparation now made many in Britain feel more ready for war with Germany
Germanyβs invasion of Czechoslovakia
the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 proved that Hitler could not be trusted
the invasion of Czechoslovakia proved that Hitler did not just want land where Germans lived
Growing Fascist threat
the military alliance between Germany and Italy showed that appeasement had failed to satisfy Hitler and that he was planning for war
Fascists were growing in power across Europe, for example, Franco came to power in Spain in 1939
To what extent9 marks2023Q82(b)Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How successful was Hitler in achieving his foreign policy aims in the years 1933β1938?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Rearming Germany
Hitler began to rearm β this was known to Britain and France but no action was taken
Hitler announced the German army was to increase to 500,000 men. He succeeded in doing this
conscription was introduced and the existence of the German air force was revealed
Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler engineered an exit for Germany from the Disarmament Conference, enabling him to start rearmament
Britain and France were divided by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 1935 which broke the Treaty of Versailles
Reuniting German speaking people
the Saarland voted to return to Germany after 15 years of League of Nations control, which united all German speaking people
German troops reoccupied the Rhineland β Britain and France took no action
Hitler used the threat of war to force Czechoslovakia to hand over the Sudetenland to Germany
Lebensraum
Hitler had attempted an Anschluss with Austria in 1934 but had to back down when Mussolini threatened military action to stop him
Hitler used the threat of invasion to force Austria to accept the Anschluss β Britain and France protested but took no action
Destroy Communism
failed to make progress in his aim to destroy Communism
Describe4 marks2022Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the successes of the League of Nations.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the League resettled 500,000 prisoners of war after World War I
the League assisted refugees, for example, set up camps, provided food, built farms and homes
Sweden and Finland accepted the League's arbitration to award the Aaland Islands to Finland
the League fought worldwide slavery, for example, slave trade in Africa and Burma, freed 200,000 enslaved people
the League tackled the illegal drugs trade, for example, blacklisting large German, Dutch, French and Swiss companies which were involved in the sale of illegal drugs
the League worked to prevent the spread of leprosy
the League improved health by starting a global campaign to exterminate mosquitoes and the spread of malaria
Greece complied with a request to withdraw from Bulgaria in 1925
To what extent9 marks2022Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
To what extent was Hitlerβs desire to overturn the Treaty of Versailles the main reason for the Nazi foreign policy, 1933β1938?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Desire to overturn the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler was determined to unite all Germans in defiance of the Treaty
Hitler wanted to end the division of Germany caused by the Polish Corridor
German desire to get revenge for the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles
Desire for Lebensraum
more land would be needed to accommodate an ever growing population
land in the east would also provide raw materials
Nazi racism made them think it would be easy to defeat Slavs
Encouraged by Appeasement
Hitler came to believe he could break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles without being stopped
Appeasement reinforced Nazi beliefs about the weakness of democracies
Weaknesses of the League
the League was unable to stop Nazi aggression
attempted action in Abyssinia was ineffective and so encouraged Hitler
Domestic reasons
aggressive foreign policy distracted from failure to increase living standards
foreign policy successes increased the popularity of Hitler
Compare the views4 marks2022Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Munich Agreement.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Munich Agreement.
The French, British, Italians and Germans met at Munich in order to discuss the future of the disputed Sudetenland. Chamberlain was anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost. It was agreed that all areas with a population that was more than 50% German be turned over to Germany. Perhaps the most shameful aspect of the agreement was the failure to consult the Czechoslovaks.
Source B
At Munich Hitler was able to take advantage of the fact that the British were desperate to avoid another war. The Czechoslovakian government was not asked for its view and was forced to accept the loss of the Sudetenland. The agreement meant that all areas of Czechoslovakia with majority German populations would be handed over to Germany. Chamberlain believed he could trust Hitler and that he had secured peace in Europe.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a 2 mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the Munich Agreement.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Chamberlain was anxious to avoid a military confrontation with Germany at almost any cost.
Source B: At Munich Hitler was able to take advantage of the fact that the British were desperate to avoid another war.
agree
Source A: It was agreed that all areas with a population that was more than 50% German be turned over to Germany.
Source B: The agreement meant that all areas of Czechoslovakia with majority German populations would be handed over to Germany.
agree
Source A: Perhaps the most shameful aspect of the agreement was the failure to consult the Czechoslovaks.
Source B: The Czechoslovakian government was not asked for its view and was forced to accept the loss of the Sudetenland.
Explain6 marks2022Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement up to 1938.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many British politicians believed that Germany had been treated harshly at Versailles
the British public were still haunted by memories of World War I and were unwilling to back military action
the Treasury warned against the financial consequences of war
belief that German action in the Rhineland was acceptable since this was German territory
Chiefs of the armed forces advised that that the British military was unprepared for war
British government reluctant to confront a rearmed Germany
by appeasing Hitler Britain bought itself time to rearm and strengthen the military
there was fear of war due to the likely destruction caused by bombing from the air
Britain had few reliable allies, for example, USA isolationist and France not trusted
Britain could not rely on backing from within the Empire
Britain wanted a stronger Germany to prevent Communist expansion
fear that war could hasten the collapse of the Empire
How fully6 marks2022Q85(a)Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source C describe the final steps to war from March 1939?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the final steps to war from March 1939.
In the years before 1939, Hitler had done much to challenge the Treaty of Versailles. On 15 March 1939, thousands of German troops marched into the Czechoslovakian capital of Prague. The day after entering Prague, Hitler declared Bohemia and Moravia as a βProtectorateβ of Germany. Then Ruthenia was given to Hungary. On 22 May Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini strengthened the ties between their two countries by signing an agreement which required them to help each other in time of war.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
On 15 March 1939, thousands of German troops marched into the Czechoslovakian capital of Prague. (In 1939, the Germans occupied Prague.)
The day after entering Prague, Hitler declared Bohemia and Moravia as a βProtectorateβ of Germany. (Germany declared Czechoslovakia to be part of Germany.)
Then Ruthenia was given to Hungary. (Part of Czechoslovakia was given to Hungary.)
On 22 May Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini strengthened the ties between their two countries by signing an agreement which required them to help each other in time of war. (Germany and Italy signed an alliance agreement in case of war.)
Points of significant omission
the British government gave Poland a guarantee to protect it from aggression
Hitler gave secret orders for the German army to prepare to invade Poland
Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact
German forces attacked Poland
Britain/France issued ultimatums to Hitler to withdraw German forces from Poland or face war
How fully6 marks2022Q85(b)Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source D describe the British and French appeasement of Germany before 1938?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the British and French appeasement of Germany before 1938.
In March 1936 Hitler marched troops into the demilitarised Rhineland in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain condemned the breaking of the peace treaty but took no military action. The British also took no direct action in the Spanish Civil War to avoid possible conflict with Germany. The French were unwilling to act without the support of Britain but criticised Germany while reinforcing the Maginot Line. Britain and France reaffirmed the Locarno Treaty offering assurances to Belgium in the hope this would prevent a German invasion.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Britain condemned the breaking of the peace treaty, but took no military action. (Britain did nothing about German aggression.)
The British also took no direct action in the Spanish Civil War to avoid possible conflict with Germany. (Some sympathised with Germanyβs actions.)
The French were unwilling to act without the support of Britain but criticised Germany while reinforcing the Maginot Line. (The French were unwilling to act without Britain.)
Britain and France reaffirmed the Locarno Treaty offering assurances to Belgium in the hope this would prevent a German invasion. (Britain and France hoped to deter Germany by offering assurances to Belgium.)
Points of significant omission
Britain and France took no action after the failure of the disarmament talks
Anglo-German Naval Agreement allowing Germany to increase the number of warships and build U-boats
British delegations were sent to appease Hitler including Anthony Eden
Britain and France took no action following announcement of German conscription
How fully6 marks2021Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why the League of Nations was weak?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains the reasons why the League of Nations was weak.
The League first met in January 1920. The Assembly had to be unanimous and member states often could not agree, meaning it was difficult for the League to make decisions. Even when agreement was reached, a further problem was that the League did not have its own army to back up its decisions. Britain and France were reluctant to commit troops to fight for the League. Member countries were worried about damaging their own economy, so would argue against the League imposing economic sanctions.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Assembly had to be unanimous and member states often could not agree (meaning it was difficult for the League to take decisions)
(even when agreement was reached) a further problem was that the League did not have its own army to back up its decisions
Britain and France were reluctant to commit troops to fight for the League
member countries were worried about damaging their own economy, so would argue against the League imposing economic sanctions.
Points of significant omission
the USA refused to join as they were not interested in getting involved in the problems of other countries
initially Russia was not invited to join, so another great country of the world was absent
Germany was not allowed to join until 1926, so another major power was absent
member countries were reluctant to take action against a powerful member state
countries lost faith in the League with each failure.
Describe4 marks2021Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the responses of Britain and France to Germany's foreign policy actions.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
many in Britain thought that the re-occupation of the Rhineland in 1936 was justified as it was their own territory (for example, Lord Lothian)
many thought that Germany had been harshly treated by the Treaty of Versailles and Germany was only taking back what was rightfully theirs
France was in political chaos and was not in a position to prevent Anschluss in 1938
Anschluss was not seen as a threat to Britain
the British population were against the idea of another European war
the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, was determined to follow a policy of Appeasement
neither Britain nor France were prepared militarily to oppose Nazi Germany.
Compare the views4 marks2021Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources B and C about Germany's re-occupation of the Rhineland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about Germany's re-occupation of the Rhineland.
German soldiers in the Rhineland are a serious menace to the security of Holland, Belgium and France. Furthermore, the recent entry of German troops into the Rhineland breaks the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and cannot be defended. The world will be watching to see how the great nations respond. Britain and France must take this opportunity to take decisive military action against Hitler.
Source C
Three battalions of the German Army have crossed the Rhine. In sending soldiers into the Rhineland, Germany has rightly ignored the unfair terms of the Treaty of Versailles. It would be a mistake for Britain and France to listen to those who are calling upon them to take military action against Germany. The existence of these German soldiers on German soil is of no threat to any of the nations of Europe.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources C disagree about Germany's re-occupation of the Rhineland.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source B: German soldiers in the Rhineland are a serious menace to the security of Holland, Belgium and France.
Source C: The existence of these German soldiers on German soil is of no threat to any of the nations of Europe.
disagree
Source B: Furthermore, the recent entry of German troops into the Rhineland breaks the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and cannot be defended.
Source C: In sending soldiers into the Rhineland, Germany has rightly ignored the unfair terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
disagree
Source B: Britain and France must take this opportunity to take decisive military action against Hitler.
Source C: It would be a mistake for Britain and France to listen to those who are calling upon them to take military action against Germany.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reaction of the British public to the Munich Agreement.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2000
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2000.
Neville Chamberlain concluded the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler at 1:30 am on the 30 September, 1938. On his return to Britain, Chamberlain was greeted by cheering crowds on the tarmac of the runway at Heston Airport. Over 5,000 supporters sang and danced in Downing Street as they waited to greet their returning hero. There was a widespread sense of public gratitude and relief that the Prime Minister's actions at Munich had spared Britain another war.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (historian): Useful because they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because it will have been researched thoroughly.
Purpose (to inform): Useful because it provides detailed information about the reaction of the British public to the Munich Agreement.
Timing (2000): Useful because it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
On his return to Britain, Chamberlain was greeted by cheering crowds on the tarmac of the runway at Heston airport. (Useful as it is accurate (that Chamberlain was greeted by cheering crowds).)
Over 5,000 supporters sang and danced in Downing Street as they waited to greet their returning hero. (Useful as it is accurate (that Chamberlain was cheered in Downing Street).)
There was a widespread sense of public gratitude and relief that the Prime Minister's actions at Munich had spared Britain another war. (Useful as it is accurate (that the British public feared another war).)
Points of significant omission
Chamberlain received thousands of letters and telegrams from the public thanking him for his achievements at Munich
members of the public sent Chamberlain gifts, such as fishing rods
some members of the public were unhappy at the Munich Agreement/thousands demonstrated against the Munich Agreement in Trafalgar Square
some members of the public felt that Britain should have taken action to defend Czechoslovakia in the face of German aggression.
Explain6 marks2021Q85Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler declared war on Poland in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Hitler wanted Germany to win back control of the land lost to Poland at the end of World War I
Hitler wanted to see the millions of Germans living in Poland brought into a Greater Germany
by invading Poland Hitler would put an end to the Polish Corridor which divided East Prussia from the rest of Germany
an invasion of Poland would provide land for Lebensraum or 'living space' for Germans
by conquering Poland Hitler would gain control of Danzig, a German town and free city under the League, which was run to suit the Poles
a successful invasion of Poland would be popular with the German public and strengthen Hitler's control of Germany
Hitler felt that a successful invasion of Poland was now possible as the Nazi-Soviet Pact meant that Russia would not protect Poland
Hitler felt that a successful invasion of Poland was now possible as The Pact of Steel had assured Germany of Italy's support
Hitler felt that a successful invasion of Poland was now possible as he did not believe that Britain would help Poland in the event of war.
Explain6 marks2019Q79Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why the League of Nations faced many difficulties up to 1933.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the USA refused to join as they were not interested in getting involved in the problems of other countries (the League was seriously weakened by the absence of the world's leading military and economic power)
the League was further weakened as Communist Russia was not invited to join, so another great country of the world was absent
some members lacked enthusiasm for the League (for example Germany, excluded until 1926, looked on the League suspiciously as a βclub of victorsβ β of the countries which had defeated them in 1918)
the two most powerful member countries Britain and France were reluctant to commit troops to fight for the League
member countries were reluctant to agree to economic sanctions for fear of damaging their own economies
taking decisions was difficult as the Assembly had to be unanimous and member states often could not agree
a further problem was that the League did not have its own army to back up its decisions
countries lost faith in the League with each failure to deal with aggression
Member states were reluctant to take action against powerful countries
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q80Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the aims of Nazi foreign policy.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β from the diary of Hermann Rauschning, a leading Nazi Party member, and was written in 1934
Source A is from the diary of Hermann Rauschning, a leading Nazi Party member, and was written in 1934.
The conversation I had with Herr Hitler was most revealing. βWe need space in the East for our growing populationβ he almost shrieked. βWe must have a sea power equal to that of Britain.β And his plans did not end there. βWe need the French coast, Belgium, Holland and above all we need Sweden β¦ we must rule Europe or fall apart as a nation.β And it was clear from his manner that he would not rest until he had achieved these goals.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Hermann Rauschning. Useful as he was an eyewitness.
Type of Source: diary. Useful as it is likely to be an honest personal reflection of events.
Purpose: to record. Private account likely to be useful.
Timing: 1934. Useful as it is from the time when Hitler set out his foreign policy aims.
Content: We need space in the East for our growing population. Useful as it is accurate (Hitler planned to expand eastwards to gain living space or lebensraum).
Content: We must have a sea power equal to that of Britain. Useful as it is accurate (Hitler wished to rearm Germany and gain parity with the British navy).
Content: We need the French coast, Belgium, Holland and above all we need Sweden β¦ we must rule Europe or fall apart as a nation. Useful as it is accurate (Hitler hoped to eventually expand the influence of Germany across Europe, creating an empire that would dominate the entire continent).
Points of significant omission
Hitler also aimed to destroy the terms of the Treaty of Versailles/Hitler wanted to recover the territory lost in the First World War
Hitler wanted to militarise the Rhineland
Hitler also wished to create a Greater Germany, containing all the German speaking people of Europe
Hitler hoped to defeat the Soviet Union and the centre of communism in Europe
How fully6 marks2019Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source B describe the reaction in Britain to the Munich Agreement in 1938?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the reaction in Britain to the Munich Agreement in 1938.
On Chamberlain's route back from the airport, people were shouting themselves hoarse and leaping on the running board of the car wanting to shake his hand. At 10 Downing Street the crowds all sang βFor he's a jolly good fellowβ. The newspapers were very quick to praise Chamberlain and his achievements at Munich. A four-day debate was held in the House of Commons on the terms of the agreement. Chamberlain received a favourable result in the Commons, with a majority of MPs in support of the Munich Agreement.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
on Chamberlain's route back from the airport, people were shouting themselves hoarse and leaping on the running board of the car wanting to shake his hand
at 10 Downing Street the crowds all sang βFor he's a jolly good fellowβ
the newspapers were very quick to praise Chamberlain and his achievements at Munich
Chamberlain received a favourable result in the Commons, with a majority of MPs in support of the Munich Agreement
Points of significant omission
Chamberlain received thousands of letters, telegrams and gifts from the public who wished to thank him for his achievements at Munich
the BBC in its radio coverage was supportive of Chamberlain and the Munich Agreement
Winston Churchill was an outspoken critic of the Munich Agreement/other MPs also spoke out against the Munich Agreement
thousands demonstrated against the Munich Agreement in Trafalgar Square
political cartoonists (for example David Low) were very critical of both Chamberlain and the Munich Agreement
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Germany hated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
furious as it was far harsher than expected and would cripple Germany
expected a peace treaty based on Wilsonβs Fourteen Points and angry it wasnβt
criticised it as a diktat/dictated peace as Germany had been denied any say in it
hated the shame of the War Guilt clause which Germany claimed was unfair
accused the Treaty of being based on Alliesβ desire for revenge
angry at having to pay reparations which Germany claimed it couldnβt afford
resented the loss of German colonies which it said was unfair
angry at the loss of land containing many Germans, especially land lost to Poland
furious at the reduction in Germanyβs armed forces which it claimed left Germany defenceless
angry that Germans were denied self-determination
argued Germany did not deserve to be punished so severely since the Kaiser and generals were gone
new German Government was angry because it felt it had little chance of success after the terms were imposed.
To what extent9 marks2019Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
To what extent was Germany's invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 the most important reason for Chamberlain abandoning the policy of appeasement?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Germany's invasion of Czechoslovakia
the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 proved that Hitler could not be trusted (he had lied when he said that the occupation of the Sudetenland was his βlast territorial demand in Europeβ)
the invasion of Czechoslovakia also proved that he did not just want land where Germans lived and action would have to be taken to stop him
Public opinion
many were influenced by Churchill's speeches which meant appeasement was losing the support of the British people
the Oxford by-election showed that there were many British people who did not agree with appeasing Hitler and who would support military action against Nazi aggression
Rearmament
rearmament had strengthened Britain's armed forces and gave Chamberlain the confidence to tackle Nazi aggression
by March 1939, Britain was better prepared to protect its civilians against German attacks (for example a quarter of a million free air raid shelters were given to Londoners)
Fascist threat in Europe
the military alliance made in May 1939 between Germany and Italy showed that appeasement had failed to satisfy Hitler and that he was planning for war
Fascists were growing in power across Europe (for example Franco came to power in Spain in 1939) and many felt that they had to be stopped
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the work of the League of Nations. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the work of the League of Nations.
Wilson had been the driving force behind the League of Nations. The refusal of the USA to join the League however greatly weakened its ability to succeed. In the years after the war, the League did a great deal of useful humanitarian work. The League did manage to settle disputes between smaller nations who could be leaned on. When disputes involved larger countries, the League however often failed to act.
Source B
The Covenant was the document which outlined how the League would work. Actions against larger nations who challenged the League were inadequate and frequently half-hearted. Many members were not willing to use sanctions, which weakened the League. The League however did achieve some success in solving arguments between lesser countries. The failure of several big powers, including the USA , to join the League badly damaged its effectiveness.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the work of League of Nations.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The refusal of the USA to join the League however greatly weakened itβs ability to succeed.
Source B: The failure of several big powers, including the USA , to join the League badly damaged its effectiveness.
agree
Source A: The League did manage to settle disputes between smaller nations who could be leaned on.
Source B: The League however did achieve some success in solving arguments between lesser countries.
agree
Source A: When disputes involved larger countries, the League however often failed to act.
Source B: Actions against larger nations who challenged the League were inadequate and frequently half-hearted.
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the aims of Nazi foreign policy.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
to restore German power by breaking the Treaty of Versailles
to build up the German army/create a German air force
to remilitarise the Rhineland
to regain the territory that Germany had lost after World War One
to achieve Anschluss with Austria
to create a Greater Germany for all Germans
to gain Lebensraum/βliving spaceβ in Eastern Europe for the German people
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
To what extent were military concerns the main reason why Chamberlain followed a policy of appeasement?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Military concerns
chiefs of the armed forces advised that the British military was unprepared for war/Britain had failed to modernise her armed forces
Britain was concerned about Germanyβs powerful army and air force
Britainβs air preparations were inadequate, with insufficient fighter planes, radar systems or anti-aircraft artillery
there was fear of bombing from the air β βThe Bomber will always get throughβ, according to the government.
Public opinion
majority of the public were still fearful of war after the huge losses suffered during World War One
public concerns over the cost of rearmament (welfare vs warfare)
there was a significant pacifist movement in the 1930s which was strongly against war eg the βPeace Ballotβ.
Relations with Hitler
Chamberlain believed that Hitler had a genuine grievance over the Sudetenland/Versailles was unjust and Germans should have some form of self-determination
Chamberlain felt Hitler had only limited demands/was a man he could do business with.
Lack of allies
France was unwilling to support conflict over the Sudetenland
USA was following an isolationist policy
Empire was unwilling to fight eg disturbances in India.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ85Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source C describe the events in 1939 leading to the outbreak of war between Britain and Germany? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the events that led to the outbreak of war between Britain and Germany in 1939.
The loss of the Sudetenland to Germany in October 1938 left the rest of Czechoslovakia weak and vulnerable to attack. In March 1939, German troops marched into Czechoslovakia. This action broke the Munich Agreement. Slovakia broke away and became a pro-German βpuppet stateβ. Bohemia and Moravia became a German protectorate. Up to this point Hitler had justified his demands in terms of self-determination. This was impossible after his actions in March 1939. Germanyβs aggression led to Great Britain and France abandoning the policy of appeasement.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
In March 1939, German troops marched into Czechoslovakia
Slovakia broke away and became a pro-German βpuppet stateβ
Bohemia and Moravia became a German protectorate
Germanyβs aggression led to Great Britain and France abandoning the policy of appeasement.
Points of significant omission
German demands to Poland eg return of Danzig/permission to build a road and railway line through Poland
Britain and France promise to defend Poland if she was attacked by Germany
Germany and Italy sign the βPact of Steelβ which required them to help each other in time of war
August 1939, Germany and Russia sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, agreeing not to go to war with each other so Germany was safe in the east
September 1st, Germany invades Poland/didnβt respond to Britain and Franceβs ultimatum to withdraw German forces from Poland or face war
September 3rd, Britain and France declare war on Germany.
Explain6 marks2018Q81Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why the German people were so opposed to the Treaty of Versailles.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
Germans were angered at having no say in the terms of the Treaty, calling it a βDIKTATβ or dictated peace
Germans felt that Germany was unjustly blamed for starting the war (War Guilt Clause)
Germans resented having to pay reparations
anger towards the Treaty was further heightened by the economic difficulties Germany faced in the 1920s (hyperinflation)
Germans were angered that land lost in the Treaty led to Germans living under foreign rule
the loss of German colonies was felt to be unfair
resentment towards the Treaty was further heightened as the territorial terms were not based on Wilson's 14 points/self-determination
Germans believed that the reduction in the armed forces left their country vulnerable to attack by foreign nations.
How fully6 marks2018Q82Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source A describe the successes of the League of Nations before 1933? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the work of the League of Nations.
The 1920s are known as the Golden Age of the League of Nations. The League improved health by starting a global campaign to exterminate mosquitoes and the spread of malaria. It also tried to settle disputes between nations. When Czechoslovakia and Poland fought over Teschen, the League resolved the conflict by splitting the area between the two countries. In 1921 it held a vote to settle a disagreement between Germany and Poland over control of Silesia. When Greece invaded Bulgaria in 1925, the League successfully ordered Greece to withdraw.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the League improved health by starting a global campaign to exterminate mosquitoes and the spread of malaria
when Czechoslovakia and Poland fought over Teschen, the League resolved the conflict by splitting the area between the two countries
in 1921 it held a vote to settle a disagreement between Germany and Poland over control of Silesia
when Greece invaded Bulgaria in 1925, the League successfully ordered Greece to withdraw.
Points of significant omission
the League helped prisoners of war return to their homes in the years following the end of the First World War
the League settled a dispute between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands in 1921 (eg after an investigation it decided that the islands should belong to Finland)
the League fought worldwide slavery (eg slave trade in Africa and Burma, freed 200,000 slaves)
the League assisted refugees (eg set up camps, provided food, built farms and homes)
the League of Nations tackled the illegal drugs trade (eg blacklisting large German, Dutch, French and Swiss companies which were involved in the sale of illegal drugs)
the League worked to prevent the spread of leprosy.
Describe4 marks2018Q83Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the steps taken by Hitler to strengthen Germany's military position between 1933 and 1938.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Hitler introduced conscription to the German army (eg by the end of 1935 the German army totalled over 500,000 men)
Hitler ordered industry to begin the production of tanks
Hitler had built up an air force by the end of 1934
the Anglo-German Naval agreement was signed giving Germany permission to build up its navy/to a level that was 35% of Britain's naval strength
in March 1936, Hitler sent 20,000 German troops to reoccupy the demilitarised zone of the Rhineland
in March 1938, Hitler ordered German troops to march across the border with Austria
under threat of a German invasion of Czechoslovakia, Britain, France and Italy signed the Munich agreement in September 1938 giving Germany permission to annexe the Sudetenland.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q84Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons why Britain chose to follow a policy of appeasement.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a textbook written by modern historians, published in 2006.
Time and again Britain backed down in the face of Nazi aggression. This policy can be traced back to the way Germany was treated at Versailles, with many in Britain later regretting how harsh the Treaty had been. After the horrors of the Great War, public opinion influenced British governments more than ever before, because people longed for peace. Furthermore, the British economy was depressed throughout the 1930s and appeasement was an attractive way of avoiding expensive conflict.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historians β Useful because they are well-informed experts.
Type of source
Textbook β Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose
To inform β Useful because it provides detailed information.
Timing
2006 β Useful as it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
This policy can be traced back to the way Germany was treated at Versailles, with many in Britain later regretting how harsh the Treaty had been β Useful as it is accurate (many British people felt that Hitler was merely righting the wrongs of the unjust Treaty of Versailles).
After the horrors of the Great War, public opinion influenced British governments more than ever before because people longed for peace β Useful as it is accurate (there was a growing pacifist feeling amongst the British public).
the British economy was depressed throughout the 1930s and appeasement was an attractive way of avoiding expensive conflict β Useful as it is accurate (the British economy faced difficulties in the interwar period).
Points of significant omission
Britain lacked allies (eg Empire countries unwilling, USA isolationist and France not trusted)
Germany had rearmed with a powerful army, navy and air force so Britain felt too weak to challenge
there was fear of war due to the likely destruction caused by bombing from the air
by appeasing Hitler Britain bought itself time to rearm and strengthen the military.
Compare the views4 marks2018Q85Appeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the reaction of Neville Chamberlain to Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the reaction of Neville Chamberlain to Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.
The British public reacted with fury. However, Chamberlain's reaction to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia was weak. Although Hitler was clearly in breach of the promises he had previously made, Chamberlain would not accuse him of breaking the terms of the Munich Agreement. Chamberlain never had any intention of fighting Germany at this point and he continued trying to negotiate a peaceful settlement with Hitler.
Source D
Chamberlain made it very clear to Hitler that he believed the promises he had made at Munich had been broken. Chamberlain put Britain on a war footing and was ready and willing to fight with Germany if necessary. The German occupation of Czechoslovakia marks the moment that Chamberlain finally took strong action against Hitler. On 31st March, Britain pledged to defend the independence of Poland.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall both sources disagree about the reaction of Neville Chamberlain to Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: However, Chamberlain's reaction to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia was weak.
Source D: The German occupation of Czechoslovakia marks the moment that Chamberlain finally took strong action against Hitler.
disagree
Source C: Although Hitler was clearly in breach of the promises he had previously made, Chamberlain would not accuse him of breaking the terms of the Munich Agreement.
Source D: Chamberlain made it very clear to Hitler that he believed the promises he had made at Munich had been broken.
disagree
Source C: Chamberlain never had any intention of fighting Germany at this point and he continued trying to negotiate a peaceful settlement with Hitler.
Source D: Chamberlain put Britain on a war footing and was ready and willing to fight with Germany if necessary.
Explain5 marks2017Q64β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why France and Britain did not take military action against German rearmament up to 1938.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
many felt that the military terms of the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh and Germany should be allowed to rearm
Hitlerβs claims that rearmament was merely required for security, helped soften opinion against German rearmament
Hitlerβs offer to disarm should other countries do so convinced others that military action was not required to halt German rearmament
cuts in defence spending and the weakness of the British armed forces restricted the opportunity for military action
given the horrors of World War One, there was little sign that British public opinion would have supported military action against Hitler
there was a thriving peace movement in Britain which further reduced support for military action
many within Britain saw a strong Germany as a useful barrier against the spread of communism and therefore supported German rearmament
the construction of the Maginot Line gave the French a defensive mentality and a sense of security that reduced fears of German rearmament
Describe5 marks2017Q65β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the events leading to Germanyβs Anschluss with Austria in 1938.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
the Austrian Nazi Party led by Seyss-Inquart had embarked on a series of activities which included mass demonstrations and bomb attacks
Chancellor Schuschnigg of Austria asked to meet Hitler to discuss the activities of the Austrian Nazis/Schuschnigg travelled to Berchtesgaden to meet Hitler
Schuschnigg expected to receive answers to his complaints about the Austrian Nazis but instead faced a display of temper, verbal aggression and threats from Hitler/Hitler demanded that Austrian Nazis be given important posts in the Austrian government and threatened to invade Austria if Schuschnigg did not agree
on his return to Austria, Schuschnigg decided to hold a plebiscite to ask the Austrian people if they wanted Austria to remain independent from Germany/Hitler was furious and plans were put in place for the invasion of Austria by Germany
Hitler demanded Schuschniggβs resignation and the cancellation of the plebiscite
Schuschnigg resigned and was replaced by Seyss-Inquart
Seyss-Inquart promptly invited the German Army in to Austria on the premise that they were required to help maintain law and order
on 12th March 1938, German soldiers crossed the border into Austria unopposed
German soldiers were greeted by crowds who cheered and threw flowers/Hitler himself received a rousing reception as he entered Linz in an open-topped Mercedes
The following day a new law was announced which incorporated Austria into the German Reich
How fully6 marks2017Q66β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why Chamberlain abandoned the policy of Appeasement? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about Neville Chamberlain and the policy of appeasement.
In March 1939, Chamberlain abandoned appeasement and promised to defend Poland if the Nazis invaded. The main reason was the invasion of Czechoslovakia which proved that Hitler was a liar and that he did not just want land where Germans lived. In addition, many were influenced by Churchillβs speeches which meant appeasement was losing the support of the British people. Kristallnacht proved that the Nazi regime was evil and ought to be resisted. Rearmament had strengthened Britainβs armed forces too and gave Chamberlain the confidence to tackle Nazi aggression.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the main reason was the invasion of Czechoslovakia which proved that Hitler was a liar and that he did not just want land where Germans lived
many were influenced by Churchillβs speeches which meant appeasement was losing the support of the British people
Kristallnacht proved that the Nazi regime was evil and ought to be resisted
Rearmament had strengthened Britainβs armed forces too and gave Chamberlain the confidence to tackle Nazi aggression
Points of significant omission
the Pact of Steel showed that appeasement had failed to satisfy Hitler and that he was planning for war
the Oxford by-election showed that there were many British people who did not agree with appeasing Hitler and who would support military action against Nazi aggression
Fascists were growing in power across Europe β Franco came to power in Spain in February 1939 β and many felt that they had to be stopped
by March 1939, Britain was better prepared to protect its civilians against German attacks (eg a quarter of a million free air raid shelters are given to Londoners)
Compare the views4 marks2017Q67β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources B and C on the reasons why Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the reasons why Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in 1939.
The agreement shocked the world as each nation had been the sworn enemy of the other. By signing the pact the Soviet Union gained time to prepare its defences against a future German attack. Stalin also gained the opportunity to take back lands Russia lost in the aftermath of the First World War. The half-hearted attempt of the British to come to an agreement with the Soviet Union was another factor in Stalinβs decision.
Source C
The British were unenthusiastic about a possible Anglo-Soviet agreement, and this encouraged Stalin to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact. The pact gave the Soviet Union time to prepare for eventual German invasion. The chance to extend Soviet control over lands from which Russia had been excluded since the end of the First World War was another factor. The Nazi-Soviet Pact was therefore a logical result of Stalin protecting his countryβs interests.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: The sources agree about the reasons why Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: By signing the pact the Soviet Union gained time to prepare its defences against a future German attack
Source C: The pact gave the Soviet Union time to prepare for eventual German invasion
agree
Source B: Stalin also gained the opportunity to take back lands Russia lost in the aftermath of the First World War
Source C: The chance to extend Soviet control over lands from which Russia had been excluded since the end of the First World War was another factor
agree
Source B: The half-hearted attempt of the British to come to an agreement with the Soviet Union was another factor in Stalinβs decision
Source C: The British were unenthusiastic about a possible Anglo-Soviet agreement, and this encouraged Stalin to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact
Describe5 marks2016Q64β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the ways in which Hitler rearmed Germany between 1933 and 1935.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Hitler instructed industry to begin the secret production of new tanks, aircraft and other weapons
by 1934 Hitler had doubled the size of the German army
Hitler built up an air force of 2000 planes by the end of 1934
Hitler introduced conscription to the German army/greatly expanded the office corps
by the end of 1935 the German army totalled over 500,000 men
the Anglo-German Naval agreement was signed giving Germany permission to build up its navy to a level that was 35% of Britainβs naval strength
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q65β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the consequences of the Anschluss.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β is from an article by the historian Professor Neil Gregor in β20th Century History Reviewβ, published in 2008.
The Anschluss had a number of significant consequences and was notable for several reasons. Most obviously, it marked the beginning of Germanyβs territorial expansion, starting a chain of events which continued with the occupation of the Sudetenland. The lack of meaningful opposition from Britain and France underlined again for Hitler that he could do as he pleased. The persecution of Jews by the Nazis was greatly intensified following the Anschluss, especially in Austria.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: Historian β Useful as it is written by a well-informed expert
Type of Source: Article (from a modern history journal) β Useful as it will have been well-researched
Purpose: To inform β Useful as it gives a balanced insight in to the consequences of the Anschluss
Timing: 2008 β Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight
Points from the source
It marked the beginning of Germanyβs territorial expansion, starting a chain of events which continued with the occupation of the Sudetenland β Useful as it is accurate/ Germany did gain control of the Sudetenland by October 1938
The lack of meaningful opposition from Britain and France underlined again for Hitler that he could do as he pleased β Useful as it is accurate/ Hitlerβs aggressive actions over Czechoslovakia and Poland did suggest that he did not believe Britain and France would take action against him
The persecution of Jews was greatly intensified following the Anschluss, especially in Austria β Useful as it is accurate/persecution of Jews did start immediately after German troops entered Austria
Points of significant omission
Germany added 100,000 Austrian troops to the German army
Germany gained useful economic resources such as iron, steel and other raw materials
Czechoslovakia was under threat as it was now surrounded on three fronts by Germany
lack of action against Germany encouraged Hitler further
How fully5 marks2016Q66β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source B explain the reasons why Britain followed a policy of appeasement?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the British policy of appeasement in the 1930s.
Appeasement was a policy which involved making concessions to Hitler. The main reason for such a stance was a belief that given the harsh treatment of Germany at Versailles, Hitlerβs demands were not unreasonable. The policy was motivated by several other factors. The British public were still haunted by memories of World War One and unwilling to back military action. Chiefs of the armed forces advised that the British military was unprepared for war. The Treasury meanwhile warned against the financial consequences of war.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
a belief that given the harsh treatment of Germany at Versailles, Hitlerβs demands were not unreasonable
the British public were still haunted by memories of World War One and unwilling to back military action
Chiefs of the armed forces advised that that the British military was unprepared for war
the Treasury meanwhile warned against the financial consequences of war
Points of significant omission
Germany had rearmed with a powerful army, navy and air force
by appeasing Hitler Britain bought itself time to rearm and strengthen the military
there was fear of war due to the likely destruction caused by bombing from the air
lack of allies β Empire countries unwilling, USA isolationist and France not trusted
Britain wanted a stronger Germany to prevent Communist expansion
Explain5 marks2016Q67β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler declared war on Poland in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Germany had a grievance over land lost to Poland at the end of World War One
millions of Germans were forced to live under Polish rule
Danzig, a German town and free city under the League, was run to suit the Poles
The βPolish Corridorβ divided East Prussia from the rest of Germany
A successful invasion of Poland would be popular/ provide land for Lebensraum
Hitler regarded the Poles as inferior (untermenschen)
The Nazi-Soviet Pact meant that Russia would not protect Poland
The Pact of Steel had assured Germany of Italyβs support
Hitler did not believe that Britain would help Poland in the event of war
Explain6 marks2015Q62β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Hitler rearmed Germany after 1933.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Hitler wanted to restore German national pride
Hitler hated the Treaty of Versailles and was determined to break the military restrictions it imposed on Germany
the Treaty of Versailles was loathed by most Germans and Hitler believed that by rearming he could strengthen his support amongst the German people
Hitler was a militarist and believed in a country having strong armed forces
Hitler also knew that recruiting men into the army would reduce unemployment, further increasing his popularity amongst the German people
Hitler believed it was Germany's right to have an army of equal size to the other major powers in Europe
Hitler believed that Germany would have to rearm to achieve lebensraum - the policy required land to be taken from other countries and armed conflict was likely
Hitler believed that a stronger army was required to resist the Communist threat from Soviet Russia
Hitler was encouraged by the lack of firm action against him by Britain and France
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
To what extent8 marks2015Q63β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
To what extent was public opinion the main reason why Chamberlain followed a policy of appeasement?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Public opinion
majority of the public were still fearful of war after the huge losses suffered during World War One
public fears of war were further heightened by novels and films giving terrifying portrayals of the devastation that bombers would bring in any modern war/these fears were further heightened by newsreel footage of the Nazi bombing of Guernica in the Spanish Civil War
public concerns over the cost of rearmament (welfare vs warfare)
there was a significant pacifist movement in the 1930s which was strongly against war
the problems of Czechoslovakia seemed remote to the majority of the public who cared little about a problem in a country far away inhabited by 'people of whom we know nothing'
German demands
Chamberlain believed that Hitler had a genuine grievance over the Sudetenland/Versailles was unjust and Germans should have some form of self-determination
Chamberlain felt Hitler had only limited demands/was a man he could do business with
Military reasons
Britain's air preparations were inadequate, with insufficient fighter planes, radar systems or anti-aircraft artillery
Britain's military chiefs stressed Britain's military weakness and the need to avoid a major war with Germany, Italy and Japan at the same time
the Munich agreement allowed Chamberlain to 'buy time' to rearm
ten year rule to avoid conflict
Lack of allies
France was unwilling to support conflict over the Sudetenland
USA was isolationist
Chamberlain did not trust Soviet Russia
Concerns over Empire
Australia, Canada and South Africa would not be easily convinced to support conflict over Czechoslovakia.
Empire was unwilling to fight eg disturbances in India
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q64β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the events leading to the outbreak of war in 1939.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β Source A is from a book by a modern historian published in 1989.
On 15th March 1939, German troops marched in to Prague and within two days Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. After destroying Czechoslovakia, Hitler turned his attention to Poland. On 29th March the British government gave Poland a guarantee to protect it against any threat to its independence. On 22nd May Hitler and Mussolini strengthened the ties between their two countries by signing an agreement which required them to help each other in time of war.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Historian β More useful as he is well informed/expert
Type of Source: Book β More useful as it will have been well-researched
Purpose: To inform β More useful as it is likely to be a balanced/comprehensive account of the events leading up to the outbreak of war in 1939
Timing: Published in 1989 β More useful as written with the benefit of hindsight
Points from the source
On 15th March 1939, German troops marched in to Prague and within two days Czechoslovakia ceased to exist. β More useful as accurately reflects the destruction of Czechoslovakia as a nation state.
On 29th March the British government gave Poland a guarantee to protect it against any threat to its independence. β More useful as accurately reflects Britain's issue of the 'Polish Guarantee'.
On 22nd May Hitler and Mussolini strengthened the ties between their two countries by signing an agreement which required them to help each other in time of war. β More useful as accurately reflects the signing of the 'Pact of Steel' between Germany and Italy.
Points of significant omission
the day after entering Prague, Hitler declared Bohemia and Moravia as a 'Protectorate' of Germany
Slovakia remained independent but had to sign a treaty accepting German protection
Ruthenia was given to Hungary
France joined Britain in the 'Polish Guarantee'
just days following the 'Polish Guarantee', Hitler gave secret orders for the German army to be ready to invade Poland by 1st September
in August, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact whereby they agreed not to attack each other and to divide Poland
on 1st September, German forces attacked Poland
both Britain and France issued ultimatums to Hitler to withdraw German forces from Poland or face war
Hitler did not respond to the ultimatums and on 3rd September Britain and France declared war on Germany
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Describe5 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Describe the military terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
The German army was limited to 100,000 men
The German army was forbidden from having tanks
The German army was forbidden from being situated in the Rhineland
The German navy was forbidden from having submarines
The German navy was limited to six battleships
Germany was forbidden from having an air force
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why the League of Nations was weak?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the weaknesses of the League of Nations.
The USA refused to join as they were not interested in getting involved in the problems of other countries. Initially Russia was not invited to join, so another great country of the world was absent. Therefore, right from the start the League of Nations was actually rather weak. Taking decisions was difficult as the Assembly had to be unanimous and member states often could not agree. A further problem was that the League did not have its own army to back up its decisions.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
The USA refused to join as they were not interested in getting involved in the problems of other countries
Initially Russia was not invited to join, so another great country of the world was absent
Taking decisions was difficult as the Assembly had to be unanimous and member states often could not agree
A further problem was that the League did not have its own army to back up its decisions
Points of significant omission
Germany was not allowed to join until 1926, so another major power was absent
Member countries were reluctant to agree to economic sanctions for fear of damaging their own economies
Member countries were reluctant to take action against a powerful member state
The two most powerful member countries Britain and France were reluctant to commit troops to fight for the League
Countries lost faith in the League with each failure
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain5 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Explain the reasons why Britain did not take military action against Germany's reoccupation of the Rhineland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
There was a belief that although Germany had broken the Treaty, they had been too severely punished at Versailles
It was argued that Germany had done little more than liberate her own territory
Many believed that the Franco-Soviet Pact had unduly provoked Hitler
Many within Britain saw a stronger Germany as a useful barrier against the spread of communism
It was hoped that a conciliatory approach might persuade Germany to re-enter the League and resume disarmament talks
It was felt that the relative weakness of the British armed forces restricted the opportunity for direct action
There was little sign that public opinion would have supported military action against Hitler
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q4β³ Older formatAppeasement and the Road to War, 1918β1939
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the Anschluss.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the Anschluss.
Germany and Austria are now one. It was a mistake of the peacemakers at Versailles to forbid the union of Austria and Germany. The population of Austria comprised ethnic Germans, the majority of whom are enthusiastic about the Anschluss. The Austrians will not only feel at home as part of Germany, they will benefit financially too from an increase in trade with their German brothers.
Source C
Sources B and C are about the Anschluss.
That there has been no fighting is proof of the desire of the Austrian people to belong to Germany. Austrians will also benefit from greater markets for their raw materials and manufactured goods. The union of these two countries should never have been forbidden at Versailles. Winston Churchill has argued that Austria is a small country βbrutally struck downβ. I do not see what there is to complain about.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree that Anschluss was a positive event which should be welcomed
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: The population of Austria comprised ethnic Germans, a majority of whom are enthusiastic about the Anschluss/The Austrians will not only feel at home as part of Germany/Their German brothers
Source C: That there has been no fighting is proof of the desire of the Austrian people to belong to Germany
agree
Source B: It was a mistake of the peacemakers at Versailles to forbid the union of Austria and Germany
Source C: The union of these two countries should never have been forbidden at Versailles
agree
Source B: They will benefit financially too from an increase in trade
Source C: Austrians will also benefit from greater markets for their raw materials and manufactured goods
