How fully6 marks2026Q41Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why there was poor quality housing in Britain before 1900?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains the reasons why there was poor quality housing in Britain before 1900.
Living standards were slowly improving by the second half of the 19th century, but for most of the British public, they remained very low. Housing was usually built privately, so there was a lack of planning. Houses were crammed full of occupants, all paying high prices for poor quality slums. Whole families would often live in one room, spreading diseases such as typhus, tuberculosis and cholera. Many had moved to the cities from the countryside in search of a better way of life, which put further pressure on housing availability.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Explain the reasons why working conditions improved in textile factories by 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
Describe the development of the railway network in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
Compare the views4 marks2026Q44Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the impact of the railways on society and the economy.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the impact of the railways on society and the economy.
The growth of the railways meant more families could afford day trips and holidays to the seaside. It was not only leisure time that was improved by the railways. Many landowners benefited as land that they owned near the railways became more desirable and so was worth more money. Farmers were also able to sell their produce for better profits as fresh food could be transported more quickly.
Source C
Despite their advantages, the railways did not benefit everyone in Britain. Landlords claimed that their beautiful estates were damaged by the railways, which meant that their land was less valuable. Families found that the cost of railway travel was still very expensive, and they could not afford holidays. Also, when trains did not run on time, farmers' profits were reduced because fresh fruit and vegetables went rotten.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q45Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of Chartism.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2015.
The 1832 Reform Act had given the vote to more middle-class men than ever before. However, a group known as the Chartists wanted the vote to be extended to more of the working class. The Chartists believed that securing the vote would be the only way to improve the working and living conditions of the working classes. The Chartists put forward 'The Six Points of the People's Charter' to Parliament and demanded a more democratic system of voting.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
To what extent9 marks2025Q38Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How important were medical advances in improving health by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with valid judgement, reason in support of the judgement).
Medical advances
development of the smallpox vaccination, reducing the spread of disease, for example, Edward Jenner
development of anaesthetics, improving surgical procedures, for example, James Young Simpson
development of antiseptic procedures, cutting the risk of infection, for example, Joseph Lister
improvements made in cleanliness and safety in hospitals, reducing infection
doctors and nurses had a greater understanding of the causes of disease, so treatment improved
Piped water supply
understanding of the connection between water contamination and cholera, so there was better understanding of the disease, for example, John Snow
piped water supply to towns and cities improved health, for example, Loch Katrine
Public health
Public Health Acts forced councils to carry out improvements to living conditions, for example, 1875 Public Health Act
sewage systems were put in place which reduced disease
appointment of a Medical Officer of Health in every area ensured issues were highlighted
How fully6 marks2025Q39Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source A describe improvements to working conditions in coal mines by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes improvements to working conditions in coal mines by 1914.
By 1914, there was an estimated 1 million people working in the coal mines of Britain, and improvements had steadily been made to their working conditions. To reduce suffocation and explosions, electric fans were introduced from 1860. The likelihood of explosions was also reduced when the Davy Safety Lamp was invented in 1815. Electricity later replaced the need for lamps, providing power across the mines. Metal pit props gradually replaced wood, which reduced cave-ins as they did not rot or collapse.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
To reduce suffocation and explosions, electric fans were introduced from 1860. β Electric fans decreased suffocation and explosions.
The likelihood of explosions was also reduced when the Davy Safety Lamp was invented in 1815. β The risk of explosions was reduced by the introduction of the safety lamp.
Electricity later replaced the need for lamps, providing power across the mines. β Electricity was introduced to mines, reducing the need for lamps.
Metal pit props gradually replaced wood, which reduced cave-ins as they did not rot or collapse. β The risk of cave-ins was reduced by metal props.
Points of significant omission
steam engines were used to pump out water
the electric coal cutting machine was introduced (in 1891)
pulleys powered by steam, electricity, or compressed air were introduced to move coal
electricity was used to raise heavier amounts of coal out of the mine
railways were used to move coal underground and on the surface
the Mines Acts improved safety and working conditions for all workers in the mines, for example, women, children
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2025Q40Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the impact of the railways on society and the economy.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a speech made by railway builder Robert Stephenson in 1856.
We hear many complaints about the railways, but to me the benefits are clear. The railways employ over 90,000 officers and workers across the network, in many different roles. The train engines consume 2,000,000 tons of coal annually, benefiting our coal mines. Weekly newspapers and Government papers can now be delivered across the country in much shorter time. How can people speak so negatively about the expansion of the network when it can only bring more improvements to our daily life?
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: railway builder Robert Stephenson β Useful as he was an eyewitness to the impact of railways on society and economy.
Type of Source: speech β Useful as this reflects the views of a railway builder.
Purpose: to promote the building of railways β Useful as it will outline positive impacts of the railway on society and economy.
Timing: 1856 β Useful as it was written at the time of railway boom.
Content
The railways employ over 90,000 officers and workers across the network. β Useful as it is accurate (railways employed many people).
The train engines consume 2,000,000 tonnes of coal annually, benefiting our coal mines. β Useful as it is accurate (railways were beneficial to the coal industry).
Weekly newspapers and Government papers can now be delivered across the country in much shorter time. β Useful as it is accurate (railways allowed newspapers and news to travel the country).
Points of significant omission
railways made cheap day trips possible
fresh food could now be transported more quickly
canal companies could not compete with the speed and cost of the railway
GMT was created through the standardisation of railway timetables
Explain the reasons why the Reform Acts were passed up to 1884.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
there was demand for reform from the middle classes, who felt that they should be included in deciding the government
rural and industrial areas were not equally represented, so there was a demand for reform, for example, Manchester and Birmingham
rotten boroughs existed which were seen as unequal representation
the Chartists campaigned for wider reform following the 1832 Reform Act
politicians were worried about unrest unless there was democratic reform, for example, 1867
working class voters were seen as worthy of the vote after their support for the Union cause in the American Civil War
political parties realised they could gain support by passing reforms, for example, Benjamin Disraeli and the Tory party
peaceful protests led to pressure on government for reform, for example, Reform Union
it was recognised that voters in counties deserved the same political rights as those in the boroughs, for example, the 1884 Reform Act
Describe the improvements to health in Britain by 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccination
James Young Simpson developed anaesthetics
Joseph Lister developed antiseptic procedures
John Snow discovered the link between water contamination and cholera
improvements made to cleanliness and safety in hospitals
doctors and nurses had a greater understanding of the causes of disease
piped water supply to towns and cities improved health
To what extent9 marks2024Q37Changing Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent were new laws the main reason why working conditions improved in coal mines by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
New laws
no females were allowed underground
no boys under 10 were allowed underground
single shaft pits were outlawed
pit managers had to have a certificate to show they were competent
Improved safety
inspectors were appointed to enforce new laws
the work of inspectors was limited by their small number across the country
better supervision of pit winding gear which improved safety when lowering and raising miners
pit props lessened the risk of cave-ins
New technology
Davy Safety Lamp 1815 prevented gas explosions
steam pumps drained water from mines
ventilation fans pushed fresh air around the mines
Compare the views4 marks2024Q38Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the improvements made to working conditions in textile factories.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the improvements made to working conditions in textile factories.
By the 1830s, some mill owners, motivated by their religious beliefs, improved conditions for workers by shortening the working day. A Factory Act was passed which introduced a maximum 48-hour week for children. However, early Factory Acts were limited as few inspectors were created to ensure new laws were enforced. It would be 1878 before an Act was passed which would ensure that no child under 10 was to be employed.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the improvements made to working conditions in textile factories.
The Factory Act of 1878 introduced a Factory Code which applied to all trades, meaning that children under 10 could not be employed anywhere. Early Acts had introduced new laws but failed to appoint enough inspectors to guarantee that safety measures were enforced. Religious mill owners such as Robert Owen gave workers shorter days and better housing. His belief in improving the lives of workers helped improve conditions in workplaces across the country.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about improvements made to working conditions in factories.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: By the 1830s, some mill owners, motivated by their religious beliefs, improved conditions for workers by shortening the working day.
Source B: Religious mill owners such as Robert Owen gave workers shorter days and better housing.
agree
Source A: However, early Factory Acts were limited as few inspectors were created to ensure new laws were enforced.
Source B: Early Acts had introduced new laws but failed to appoint enough inspectors to guarantee that safety measures were enforced.
agree
Source A: It would be 1878 before an Act was passed which would ensure that no child under 10 was to be employed.
Source B: The Factory Act of 1878 introduced a Factory Code which applied to all trades, meaning that children under 10 could not be employed anywhere.
Explain the reasons why the development of railways had an impact on society and the economy.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
railways made cheap day trips possible which led to the development of seaside towns
railways made possible the development of football leagues as supporters and teams could travel to matches
newspapers could be delivered all over the country which led to a growth in interest in politics
delivery of post became quicker allowing people to keep in touch
fresh food could be transported more quickly, which improved diets
canal companies could not compete with the speed and cost of the railway which led to their decline
people could now travel greater distances for leisure and work, which led to the development of commuter towns
railways created new jobs which improved employment opportunities
rail timetables were standardised, which led to the creation of GMT which benefitted the economy because the whole country ran to GMT
the development of railways created a demand for coal and iron, which meant a growth in those industries
factories could transport their goods to more markets, which led to an increase in profits
How fully6 marks2024Q40Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source C describe the events at Peterloo?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the events at Peterloo.
The year 1819 saw a series of political rallies by working class people about industrial depression and high food prices. One such rally happened on 16 August on St Peterβs Field in Manchester. The large crowd attending included a high proportion of women and children. The radical speaker, Henry Hunt, began to make a speech calling for the reform of parliament. Local officials were alarmed by the size of the crowd and ordered the army to arrest the speakers immediately.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
One such rally happened on 16 August on St Peterβs Field in Manchester.
The large crowd attending included a high proportion of women and children.
The radical speaker, Henry Hunt, began to make a speech calling for the reform of parliament.
Local officials were alarmed by the size of the crowd and ordered the army to arrest the speakers immediately.
Points of significant omission
the militia on horseback charged into the crowd
the militia attacked anyone who tried to prevent them from arresting the speakers
many people were killed and hundreds (400) injured
the militia were trapped amongst the crowd and had to fight their way out
the militia destroyed banners and flags in the crowd
Describe the improvements made to housing in British towns and cities, 1760β1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
clean water supplied to houses
improved sanitation which carried away waste
slum clearances got rid of some of the poorest quality housing
new homes were built which reduced overcrowding
abolition of the Window Tax in 1851 allowed for more light and fresh air in homes
health boards were created to ensure laws were followed, for example, 1848 Public Health Act
laws were enforced on slum clearance and sewers, for example, 1875 Public Health Act
Compare the views4 marks2023Q42Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the causes of medical problems in Britain up to 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the causes of medical problems in Britain up to 1914.
In 1842 Edwin Chadwick produced a report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain. He concluded that disease amongst the working class was not caused by their own behaviour, but by filth on the streets. The report found a link between poor living standards such as overcrowding and the spread of disease. The lack of clean drinking water was also most likely a cause of much disease, such as cholera.
Source B
Before the discoveries and advancements of the 19th century, there were many outdated attitudes to health and medical care. Many people believed that poverty and ill-heath were caused by idleness amongst the working classes. Many blamed diseases such as cholera on bad air in the atmosphere, known as miasma. The government believed that living standards had no impact on health and were therefore not their responsibility.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the causes of medical problems.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: He concluded that disease amongst the working class was not caused by their own behaviour, but by filth on the streets.
Source B: Many people believed that poverty and ill-health were caused by idleness amongst the working classes.
disagree
Source A: The report found a link between poor living standards such as overcrowding and the spread of disease.
Source B: The government believed that living standards had no impact on health and were therefore not their responsibility.
disagree
Source A: The lack of clean drinking water was also most likely a cause of much disease, such as cholera.
Source B: Many blamed diseases such as cholera on bad air in the atmosphere, known as miasma.
Explain the reasons why changes to technology and legislation improved working conditions in textile factories by 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
childrenβs hours were limited which reduced the possibility of injury through fatigue
womenβs hours were limited which improved the health of female workers
safety provisions were introduced which reduced injuries, for example, safety guards on machines
inspectors were appointed, which helped to enforce safety laws, for example, Factory Act 1833
workers injured at work could receive limited compensation which allowed them to continue to earn money, for example, Workmenβs Compensation Act of 1897
workersβ hours were reduced, which allowed for a better standard of living
holiday provisions were introduced, which allowed workers time to relax
minimum working age for children was introduced which reduced exploitation
How fully6 marks2023Q44Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why railways benefitted society and the economy?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why railways benefitted society and the economy.
By 1900, British railways were at their peak. Most companies had earned large profits for years, which were invested back into the economy. By this point, many of the smaller companies had joined together to create larger ones like the Great Northern Railway. Thousands of new jobs were created, such as train drivers and conductors. The demand for raw materials to build rails and stations meant industries such as iron and coal grew. The forestry industry was also boosted as timber was needed to build the rails.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Most companies had earned large profits for years, which were invested back into the economy. (The railways were a benefit to the economy as they earned large profits.)
Thousands of new jobs were created, such as train drivers and conductors. (Railways benefited society and the economy as they provided employment.)
The demand for raw materials to build rails and stations meant industries such as iron and coal grew. (Railways benefited the economy as they boosted other industries.)
The forestry industry was also boosted as timber was needed to build the rails. (Railways benefited the economy as they provided work for the forestry industry.)
Points of significant omission
the railways were able to transport goods quickly which benefited manufacturing
the railways allowed people to travel to and from home and work more easily
newspapers carried across the country by train allowed people to access national news
the railways encouraged tourism, which meant people could go on holiday to the coast more easily
quick transportation of fresh food improved diets
cheap train transport led to the growth of national sporting events, for example, football leagues,
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q45(a)Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the extent of democratic changes brought about by the 1832 Reform Act.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2007.
In 1832 the Reform Act was passed β often called the Great Reform Act. The right of some depopulated areas to elect an MP was taken away. Middle class men who earned a certain amount gained the vote. However, for many, the Act did not go far enough. Most men and all women, still had no vote. In the following years, more legislation was passed which extended democracy further. By 1914, there had been improvements in almost every aspect of the democratic system.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the 1832 Reform Act.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as will be well researched to ensure correct details.
Purpose: to inform β Intended to give useful information about the 1832 Reform Act.
Timing: 2007 β Useful as written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The right of some depopulated areas to elect an MP was taken away. β Useful because it is accurate (describes the redistribution of seats).
Middle class men who earned a certain amount gained the vote. β Useful because it is accurate (more men were given the vote).
Most men and all women, still had no vote. β Useful because it is accurate (most men and all women, still had no vote).
Points of significant omission
MPs were still unpaid
there was still no secret ballot
bigger industrial towns got a few more MPs to represent them, for example, Manchester
the act applied new rules across the whole of the UK
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q45(b)Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source E as evidence of the reasons for opposition to the building of the railways.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source E
Source E is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2004.
Railway mania swept across the nation in the 1840s, however, the railways were not universally welcomed and faced opposition. Railway companies found problems buying the land they needed from owners who believed it was worth more than companies were willing to pay. Railways faced opposition from those who feared they would destroy scenery with embankments and cuttings. There were also fears the railways would set farmland on fire with sparks from the locomotives. Despite this opposition, the railways continued to expand.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they are an expert on the topic of the building of the railways.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as will be well researched about the building of the railways.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as intended to give accurate information about the building of the railways.
Timing: 2004 β Useful as written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Railway companies found problems buying the land they needed from owners who believed it was worth more than companies were willing to pay. β Useful because it is accurate (it was expensive to buy land).
Railways faced opposition from those who feared they would destroy scenery with embankments and cuttings. β Useful because it is accurate (people opposed the railways due to the destruction of the landscape).
There were also fears the railways would set farmland on fire with sparks from the locomotives. β Useful because it is accurate (farmers were scared that trains could cause fires in the surrounding fields).
Points of significant omission
farmers were concerned passing trains would disturb livestock
people in rural areas were concerned trains would bring in βundesirablesβ from the towns and cities
many disliked the βnavviesβ who built the railways as they believed navvies to be drunken criminals
canal workers and owners disliked railways as they were a threat to their jobs
How fully6 marks2022Q38Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source A describe living conditions in cities up to 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes living conditions in cities up to 1914.
The first census to deal with the problem of housing was that of 1861. It demonstrated that a significant number of all houses only had one room. An estimated 1% of families lived in houses without any windows. The 'single end' was the normal environment in which to bring up a family. Yet, there was much resentment at being trapped in these houses with rats and other vermin. There was also the problem of outside toilets which were shared by the entire building.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
It (the census) demonstrated that a significant number of all houses only had one room. (Many homes were small.)
An estimated 1% of families lived in houses without any windows. (Some families lived in homes without fresh air.)
Yet, there was much resentment at being trapped in these houses with rats and other vermin. (Some houses were infested with rats and other vermin.)
There was also the problem of outside toilets which were shared by the entire building. (Often outside toilets had to be shared by many people.)
Points of significant omission
problems of overcrowding were common
poor tenements and slum housing caused disease to spread easily
houses were often built close to factories that caused pollution
houses were built very close together which led to poor lighting and/or ventilation
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q39Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of working conditions in coalmines.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from an interview with a woman who worked in the coalmines in 1842
Source B is from an interview with a woman who worked in the coalmines in 1842.
I have worked underground for 33 years and in that time I have had 9 children. The pay is so low that I have always had to work until nearly giving birth, and then forced to return within days. It is extremely dangerous carrying large sacks of coal to the surface. I would work elsewhere, but there are no jobs. Women get so weak that they are forced to take their little ones down to help them, even children of 6 years old.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: a female mine worker β Useful as it is an eyewitness account by someone who experienced working in a coalmine.
Type of Source: interview β Useful as it will be a factual account.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it gives us a detailed account of conditions in the coal mines.
Timing: 1842 β Useful as it was written at the time of poor working conditions in coalmines.
Content
The pay is so low that I have always had to work until nearly giving birth, and then forced to return within days. β Useful because it is accurate (wages were so low that women could not afford to take time off work.
It is extremely dangerous carrying large sacks of coal to the surface. β Useful because it is accurate (women were expected to carry heavy baskets of coal which caused injury and back problems).
Women get so weak that they are forced to take their little ones down to help them, even children of 6 years old. β Useful because it is accurate (young children worked in coalmines, helping their mothers or working as trappers).
Points of significant omission
hewers cut coal with pickaxes in narrow seams, at times only 18 inches high
accidents such as roof falls, explosions, shaft accidents and drowning were frequent
poor ventilation meant dust stayed in the air and caused health problems
Explain the reasons why canals declined as a form of transport.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
canals lost business as they were slower than trains
canals were affected by seasonal weather and were therefore unreliable, for example, freezing in winter or low water level in summer
canals were more expensive to build than railways, so railways attracted more investment than canals
trains could transport bulk goods more cheaply than canals
canals were built to different specifications making it difficult to use the same barge in various locations
railways were more popular than canals as more passengers could travel on them
canals could not go everywhere especially in hilly country
factories could have their own sidings which were more convenient than canals
railways used more by passengers as they were comfortable
railways ran to a more reliable timetable than canals
To what extent9 marks2022Q41(a)Changing Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent were divisions among the Chartists the main reason for the failure of the Chartist movement?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Division among the Chartists
some Chartists had different aims, which caused tension within the movement, for example, education, sobriety
Lovett and O'Connor disagreed overuse of militancy, splitting the movement
many middle-class Chartists withdrew their support which led to the movement becoming less influential
Poor organisation
lack of a single leader weakened the movement
Chartist groups were spread out in small groups all over the country making coordination difficult
Failure of petitions
the Chartists submitted three petitions to Parliament and all were ignored
the third petition was criticised for containing fake names
Improvements to the economy
the economy improved, reducing interest in the Chartists, for example, unemployment fell, food prices came down
Impact of other movements
new movements attracted support away from Chartism, for example, the Anti-Corn Law League, the Ten-Hour Movement
Press
Chartists were ridiculed in the press, so lost respect
To what extent9 marks2022Q41(b)Changing Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent was piped water supply the main reason for improved health in Britain by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Piped water supply
provision of clean water reduced diseases such as cholera
wash houses and public baths introduced in 1878 which improved hygiene and health
Other improvements in Public Health
introduction of public health acts gave local authorities power to improve conditions
proper drainage and sewage systems reduced spread of disease
appointment of Medical Officer of Health meant a qualified official enforced improvements
Medical advances
the introduction of vaccination, for example, for smallpox improved health
new developments in surgery (for example, chloroform, carbolic acid) prevented infection and deaths
improvements in hospital hygiene
improvements in medical standards and training led to better doctors, nurses and midwives
Improvements in hygiene
cheaper soap improved hygiene and health
Better diet
railways transported fresh foods across the country, which led to better, more nutritious diet
How fully6 marks2021Q38Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source A describe the poor housing conditions in British cities in the nineteenth century?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the poor housing conditions that existed in British cities in the nineteenth century.
People were attracted to the towns by the hope of higher wages and regular employment. The workers found themselves living in rows of overcrowded houses which were often built back-to-back. This was to save on building costs. Houses were usually put up by factory owners so they were close to the mills, which meant they were close to the belching smoke and fumes from the factory chimneys. The houses were often without running water which made life difficult. Privies (toilets) were shared by several families.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source, and up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the workers found themselves living in rows of overcrowded houses which were often built back to back
houses were usually put up by factory owners, so they were close to the mills, which meant they were close to the belching smoke and fumes from the factory chimneys
the houses were often without running water which made life difficult
privies (toilets) were shared by several families.
Points of significant omission
houses were poorly ventilated
rubbish was often thrown into the streets (for example, midden heaps)
open sewers
houses often had to share public taps
furnishings were limited (for example, shared beds)
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q39Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the improvements to working conditions in the nineteenth century.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from the Factory Act passed by the Government in 1833
Source B is from the Factory Act passed by the Government in 1833.
It is important that the working hours of children and young persons employed in factories should be controlled, as there are a great number of children now employed in factories. No person under the age of 18 shall be employed for more than 12 hours in one day. It will be unlawful to employ in any factory any child who is not over 9 years old. The Inspectors shall have power to enforce the attendance at school of children employed in factories.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author
Government: Useful as it has first-hand knowledge of the improvements to working conditions as it is an official report.
Type of Source
Act of Parliament: Useful because it contains accurate changes to the law.
Purpose
To inform: Useful as it is intended to give an overview of the new laws for factory owners.
Timing
1833: Useful as it is written at the time of improvements to working conditions.
Content
No person under the age of 18 shall be employed for more than twelve hours in one day: Useful as it is accurate (the Act restricted the number of hours for those under 18).
It will be unlawful to employ, in any factory, any child who is not over 9 years old: Useful as it is accurate (the law stopped children under 9 from working in factories).
The inspectors shall have power to enforce the attendance at school of children employed in factories: Useful as it is accurate (inspectors were employed to make sure the law was followed by factory owners).
Points of significant omission
the Coal Mining Act 1842 improved the conditions in mines (for example, no child under 10 could work in a mine)
installing ventilation fans from the 1860s improved ventilation in mines
the Factory Act 1878 meant that 10-14 year olds could only work half days
some factories increased the holiday provisions for their workers.
To what extent9 marks2021Q40Changing Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent were social changes the most important impact of the railways in Britain?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement; 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Social changes
working class could travel (for example, cheap holidays, day excursions) as railway travel was affordable
people in the suburbs could travel to work because railway travel was cheap
national sporting competitions were able to develop (for example, football)
communications improved (for example, national newspapers, national postal service)
national railway timetables led to standardised time (GMT)
healthier diets as fresh produce was available in the towns (for example, milk, fish)
Economic changes
products and raw materials could be transported quickly and cheaply
industries were able to develop (for example, coal, iron, farming, fishing)
jobs created (for example, navvies, stationmasters, porters)
other forms of transport went into decline (for example, roads, canals)
Political changes
politicians travel more easily (for example, between Parliament and constituencies, national election campaigning possible)
Environmental changes
countryside changed by railway development (for example, bridges, viaducts, pollution).
Explain the reasons why there was pressure for democratic reform before 1832.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
few people could vote (for example, middle class, working class)
voter qualifications meant that only landowners could vote
MPs were not paid which meant that you had to be rich to be an MP
women could not vote which meant that over half of the population could not vote
open voting meant that voters could be bribed or intimidated
some of the growing industrial cities (for example, Manchester, Birmingham) had no MPs to represent them, which meant that not every place was fairly represented
rotten boroughs still existed which was unfair as there were places which had few people but still had an MP
pocket boroughs still existed which was undemocratic as these were controlled by the local landowner
parliament was controlled by rich landowners which meant that they often passed laws to suit themselves
issues affecting industrial towns and workers were ignored, which was unfair
businessmen resented that they lacked political influence as they did not have the right to vote.
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ38Changing Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent were medical advances the main reason for improved health by 1900?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Medical advances
after 1858 all doctors had to be fully qualified/improved standard of nursing/midwifery
building of more hospitals/cleaner hospitals reduced infection
vaccination against killer diseases such as smallpox/antiseptics/anaesthetics.
Better diet
farming improvements led to better, more varied, nutritious diet eg fresh vegetables and fruit, meat, dairy products
railways transported fresh food and milk to towns
improved food standards reduced illness caused by adulterated food.
Improvements in public health
Public Health Acts gave councils power to improve conditions
improved sewerage systems/proper drainage reduced spread of germs/diseases
provision of fresh, clean water reduced the threat of disease.
Improvements in hygiene
cheaper soap kept people cleaner/reduced risk of disease
wash houses and public baths introduced in 1878 which helped improve hygiene.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ39Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source A describe the impact of factories upon the working conditions of textile workers? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the impact of factories upon the working conditions of textile workers.
People used to working in their own homes found working in a factory very different. The powered machines went on hour after hour and many workers struggled to keep up with them. Owners had very strict rules and workers had to do what they were told to do. There was, however, no shortage of workers wanting employment in factories. Wages were usually better than farm work, but only when the factory was working. If business became slow then workers were laid off, with no income at all.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
powered machines went on hour after hour and many workers struggled to keep up with them
owners had very strict rules and workers had to do what they were told to do
wages were usually better than farm work
if business became slow then workers were laid off, with no income at all.
Points of significant omission
poor ventilation/air was full of harmful dust particles which damaged lungs/caused TB
bending over all day led to children becoming deformed
working long hours led to tiredness and accidents
children pulled into machines and seriously injured/machines were dangerous as they were unfenced
new machinery made work easier/machines easy to operate
changing rooms provided in some mills/water was available for workers/there was decent sanitation in some mills.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019 specimenQ40Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of different attitudes to the building of railways in 19th century Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from the diary of a Scottish railway engineer written in the 1840s.
We had to build the line to Perth over Lord Seafield's land. Lady Seafield very decidedly told us that she hated railways. βCheap travelβ, she said, βbrought together such an objectionable variety of people.β Lord Seafield said the railway would frighten away the grouse from his moors. βBesidesβ, he went on, βwhat would become of the men who have for many years been employed to float timber down the River Spey to the sea. Would a railway replace them?β
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect
Author: Railway engineer β Useful as it was written by an eyewitness to the events
Type of source: Diary β Useful as it's an honest personal account
Purpose: To record β Useful as it's a private record/less likely to tell lies
Timing: 1840s β Useful as it was written during the early period of railway expansion
Content
Lady Seafield very decidedly told us that she hated railways/βCheap travel brought together such an objectionable variety of peopleβ. β Useful because it is accurate (many landowners objected to railways/they would bring industrial workers out to the countryside).
The railway would frighten away the grouse from his moors. β Useful because it is accurate (there was concern that railways would spoil hunting on estates).
What would become of the men employed who float timber down the river Spey to the sea? β Useful because it is accurate (many people were worried railways would take away people's jobs).
Points of significant omission
factory owners saw the advantages of cheaper transport for their goods
farmers were happy they could sell their goods further afield
working class pleased about the job opportunities on the railways/could go away on day trips to seaside or the countryside
workers in other forms of transport such as stage coaches and canals saw railways as a threat to their jobs.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q41Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of disease in towns and cities by 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β from a textbook written by modern historians in 1985
Source A is from a textbook written by modern historians in 1985.
Cholera had always been a problem in the Far East but in the 19th century it came to Britain. Cholera became the disease that people dreaded most of all. This is because a cholera attack is violent and kills suddenly, usually in a day or two. Over half of the people who caught cholera died. Unlike many other diseases, it was not only the poor who caught cholera; the rich caught this disease as well.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: historians. Useful as they are well-informed experts.
Type of Source: textbook. Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose: to inform. Useful as it is intended to give a balanced account.
Timing: 1985. Useful as it is a written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
A cholera attack is violent and kills suddenly usually in a day or two. Useful as this is accurate (cholera did kill quickly).
Over half of the people who caught cholera died. Useful as this is accurate (the death-rate from cholera was high).
Unlike many other diseases, it was not only the poor who caught cholera the rich did as well. Useful as this is accurate (cholera did affect all classes/rich and poor).
Points of significant omission
other effects of cholera (for example discolouration of the skin/dehydration)
epidemics of cholera (1831-2, 1848-9, 1854, 1867)
spread of cholera/other diseases by contaminated water
other diseases (for example Smallpox, Typhus, Typhoid, TB)
disease also spread by poor living conditions (for example overcrowding, poor ventilation)
Explain the reasons why more people gained the vote by 1867.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
need to include middle classes in government because they were key to generating the country's wealth
political reform was no longer seen as a threat to the country's stability
campaigns by groups such as the National Reform League put pressure on the government to give more people the vote
fear of revolution helped convince many politicians it would be dangerous to deny giving the vote to some of the working class
increasingly obvious skilled workers were vital to Britain's economic success/many of whom were better educated and respectable therefore deserved the vote
better education in towns made it more reasonable to extend the franchise
development of railways and growth of cheap popular newspapers raised political awareness of the working class
spread of radical ideas and moral arguments; equality became more of an issue
political benefits at Westminster for parties; they saw potential voters
population growth in the towns made politicians more politically sensitive
Hyde Park riots put more pressure on the government
Chartist movement provided organised political pressure for change.
How fully6 marks2019Q42Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source B describe improvements to living conditions in towns and cities by 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes improvements to living conditions in towns and cities before 1914.
In 1875, a law gave councils the power to demolish slum housing in Britain's cities. Unfortunately, no more money was provided to build improved housing, which resulted in homelessness for many of the people who had lived in the slums. Fresh drinking water was piped to towns and cities and some homes. Sewers were also built to dispose of human waste safely. By 1900, many cities also had their own fire and police services, making them safer places to live.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
a law gave councils the power to demolish slum housing
fresh drinking water was piped to towns and cities and some homes
sewers were also built to dispose of human waste safely
many cities also had their own fire and police services, making them safer places to live
Explain the reasons why working conditions in coal mines improved by 1914.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Davy Lamp reduced the risk of explosions
pit ponies replaced putters/women and children so reduced the physical strain of moving the coal
mines inspectors made sure that pit owners were not breaking safety laws
wooden and later metal pit props reduced the risk of cave-ins
more than one shaft improved ventilation/provided another escape route
steam pumps pumped water out of the mines and reduced the risk of flooding
steam winding engines made getting in and out of the mine safer
wire rope/cages made getting in and out of the mine safer
extractor fans improved ventilation and reduced the risk of the build-up of dangerous gasses
coal cutting machinery replaced picks and shovels so reduced the physical strain of cutting the coal
Describe the development of the railway network in Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
at first, railways were built to move coal from mines to towns and cities
wagons first pulled by horses
later, steam engines pulled carriages/wagons
the Stockton to Darlington Line was Britain's first railway line (opened 1825)
the Liverpool to Manchester Line was another early railway line (opened 1830)
(Stephenson's) 'Rocket' won the trials/competition to be the locomotive on the Liverpool to Manchester line
there was a period of 'Railway Mania'/building of many new railway lines in the 1830s and 1840s
Navvies built the railways (by hand/using picks and shovels)
bridges/cuttings/viaducts/embankments had to be built
Compare the views4 marks2019Q45Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the impact of the Chartists.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the impact of the Chartists.
The demands of the People's Charter were far too radical to be widely accepted at the time. MPs rejected the Charter on three occasions; in 1839, 1842 and 1848. The splits and squabbles amongst the Chartists gained them negative publicity and discredited their cause. The government and courts took strong action to control Chartism and 79 of the leaders were transported in 1842 which weakened the Chartists.
Source D
The Chartists were formed in 1836 to achieve votes and representation for the working classes, which they campaigned for throughout the 1830s and 40s. Millions of people signed petitions in support of the Chartists, clearly demonstrating how reasonable their six points were. Although many Chartist leaders were transported, the movement remained popular until 1848. The positive publicity that the Chartists gained helped win widespread support for their cause.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the impact of the Chartists.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: The demands of the People's Charter were far too radical to be widely accepted at the time.
Source D: Millions of people signed petitions in support of the Chartists, clearly demonstrating how reasonable their six points were.
disagree
Source C: The splits and squabbles amongst the Chartists gained them negative publicity and discredited their cause.
Source D: The positive publicity that the Chartists gained helped win widespread support for their cause.
disagree
Source C: The government and courts took strong action to control Chartism and 79 of the leaders were transported in 1842 which weakened the Chartists.
Source D: Although many Chartist leaders were transported, the movement remained popular until 1848.
To what extent9 marks2018Q36Changing Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent did better sanitation have the biggest impact on peopleβs health between 1760 and 1914?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors).
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structure, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
better sanitation
wash houses and public baths helped improve hygiene
provision of fresh, clean water reduced the threat of disease
improved sewerage systems/proper drainage reduced spread of germs/diseases
medical advances
smallpox vaccination (1798) helped prevent deaths from this illness
1897 β cholera vaccine was developed, helping to protect people from deadly cholera epidemics
chloroform (after 1847/Simpson) helped to prevent deaths from shock during surgery
carbolic acid (Lister 1867) helped prevent spread of infection during/after surgery
better medical care
cleaner hospitals (thanks to Florence Nightingale) led to better treatment/survival rates
better training for doctors and nurses led to better medical care
properly trained midwives meant that more mothers and babies survived
Public Health Acts
local authorities empowered to improve living conditions (eg 1848, 1875)
Compare the views4 marks2018Q37Changing Britain, 1760β1914
Compare the views of Sources A and B about rules and punishments in textile factories.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about rules and punishments for workers in textile factories.
Rules of Waterfoot Mill:
Any person coming to work late shall be fined.
Any person found talking with the other workers instead of working shall be fined.
Any person found smoking on the premises shall be instantly dismissed.
The overseers are responsible for enforcing these rules and shall report all fines to the masters.
The overseers shall be the first on the premises in the morning and the last to leave the premises at night.
Source B
Workers could not afford to lose any of their wages by being fined for things such as being late. Some employers even advanced the factory clocks by 15 minutes in the morning so that all the workers were late. There were other fines too, for offences such as talking, whistling or singing. Mill owners also had the power to sack on the spot any employee who was found to be breaking the rules.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by a combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources agree about the harsh rules and punishments in textile factories.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Any person coming to work late shall be fined.
Source B: being fined for things such as being late.
agree
Source A: Any person found talking with the other workers instead of working shall be fined.
Source B: There were other fines too, for offences such as talking, whistling or singing.
agree
Source A: Any person found smoking on the premises shall be instantly dismissed.
Source B: Mill owners also had the power to sack on the spot any employee who was found to be breaking the rules.
How fully6 marks2018Q38Changing Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source C explain the ways in which laws helped to improve working conditions in coal mines?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the laws which improved working conditions in coal mines.
The 1842 Mines Act stated that no-one under 15 could be in charge of operating machinery or winding gear. However, this act did nothing to stop boys over the age of 10 from working underground. In 1850, it became compulsory for all mine owners to report accidents that led to death. Further progress was made in making mines safer when the Mines Act of 1862 made single mine shafts illegal. Then in 1872, miners were given the right to appoint inspectors from among themselves.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
(1842 Mines Act) stated that no-one under 15 could be in charge of operating machinery/winding gear
(after 1850) all mine owners had to report accidents that led to death
(the 1862 Mines Act) made single shaft mines illegal
(1872 Mines Act) gave miners the right to appoint inspectors from among themselves
Points of significant omission
(1842 Mines Act stated that) no women or children under 10 could work underground
(1842 Mines Act) replaced people dragging coal underground with ponies
(1842 Mines Act) appointed a Mines Inspector
(1860 Mines Act) increased the age of boys that were allowed to work underground to 12
(1872 Mines Act) stated that fans had to be installed to improve ventilation
(in 1872) naked flames were made illegal/all mines had to use safety lamps.
Explain the reasons why the development of railways had such a big impact on Britain.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
raw materials and finished products could be transported quickly and cheaply which meant that factories/industry was boosted by the railways
perishable foods (such as fish or milk) could be transported to cities quickly which meant that diets improved/these industries were boosted
railways were reached more parts of Britain, which meant that canals/roads/turnpikes went into decline
national railway timetables had to be made which meant that time had to be standardised across Britain
sporting teams could now play teams from further away which meant that national sporting leagues developed
railway travel was affordable which meant that the working classes could travel further than before/cheap holidays
railway travel was quick/cheap (eg suburbs developed as people could commute to work)
railways meant that national daily newspapers were possible for the first time
railways meant cheap and extensive postal service was now possible nationwide
politicians could use trains to travel which meant that travel was easier between parliament and constituency/there were now national election campaigns
railways created new jobs (eg navvies and conductors) which reduced unemployment
the railway network was extensive which meant that some people complained that Britainβs countryside was ruined.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
all men (over 21) to have the vote/universal manhood suffrage
voting should take place by secret ballot
constituencies should be of equal size
MPs should be paid
the property qualification for becoming an MP should be abolished
To what extent8 marks2017Q30β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1914
To what extent was a lack of clean water the main reason for poor health in towns during the nineteenth century?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to support factors (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks: 1 mark for a structured answer with knowledge organised in support of different factors; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark for a reason provided in support of the judgement.
Lack of clean water
contaminated/unclean drinking water led to diseases such as cholera
typhoid was also caused by contaminated drinking water
Lack of sanitation
open sewers allowed bacteria to multiply/contaminated water supplies and led to the spread of disease
Lack of rubbish disposal
rubbish built up in the streets which attracted vermin/rats which caused disease (eg typhus)
Lack of adequate medical care/knowledge
poor families could not afford medical care, which meant that health problems were untreated/worsened
lack of knowledge/treatment meant that some conditions that are treatable now were often fatal before 1900 (eg TB)
vaccinations for many diseases (eg measles/polio) were not available/many of these diseases were often fatal
Overcrowding
overcrowding made it easier for disease to spread (eg cholera/TB)
Poor diet
poor diet/lack of vitamins led to conditions such as rickets
poor diet led to low immunity to disease/meant that people took longer to/were less likely to recover from disease
Poor housing
poorly constructed houses were often damp/cold which made many medical conditions (eg TB/asthma) worse
lack of sunlight in cellar/basement houses or cramped tenements/closes led to conditions such as rickets
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2017Q31β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1914
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the ways working conditions in factories were improved by 1900.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is an extract from the Factory Act passed by the government in 1833.
β’ No children under the age of 9 are permitted to work in textile mills
β’ Children aged 9β13 must not work more than 8 hours each day
β’ Children aged 14β18 must not work more than 12 hours each day
β’ Children under 18 must not work at night
β’ Government factory inspectors will be given the power to demand entry to textile mills and enforce these rules
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: Government β Useful as the government will have first-hand knowledge of the steps taken to improve working conditions in factories
Type of Source: Act/Law β Useful as it gives a factual/legal description of the new rules/official document
Purpose: To inform β Useful as it is intended to give a summary of the new laws that factory/mill owners have to abide by
Timing: 1833 β Useful as it is from the time of improvements to working conditions in factories
Points from the source
No children under the age of 9 should be employed in mills β Useful as it is accurate (the act did ban the employment of children under 9 in textile mills)
Limits to working hours (eg Children aged 9-13 must not work more than 8 hours each day/Children aged 14-18 must not work more than 12 hours each day/Children under 18 must not work at night) β Useful as it is accurate (the act did limit the working hours of children)
Government inspectors will be given the power to demand entry to textile mills and enforce these rules β Useful as it is accurate (the act did create government factory inspectors)
Points of significant omission
1844 act stated that women and children should no longer clean moving machinery/some machinery had to be fenced
1847 act introduced a ten hour working day for women and children
1878 act stated that no women should work more than 60 hours per week/no children under 10 should work in factories/introduced regulations for safety, ventilation and meals
new technology could make working conditions better
Explain the reasons why the Chartists failed to achieve their aims.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
their demands (eg β¦) were too radical for the time
the economy improved/jobs returned, so support for Chartism faded
the government refused to talk to the Chartists/rejected their petitions
many of the signatures on the petitions were false, so the Chartists lost respect
Chartists were ridiculed in the press, so lost respect
other movements offered more immediate and tangible benefits which attracted support away from Chartism
divisions amongst the Chartists (physical force/moral force) weakened the movement
Chartist demonstrations were broken up, so were not effective
the Chartists were poorly led (by Fergus O'Connor and William Lovett)
Compare the views4 marks2016Q28β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1914
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the events of the Peterloo massacre in 1819.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Peterloo massacre in 1819.
In 1819 a meeting was due to be addressed by Henry Hunt in Manchester. People had gathered from all over Lancashire in St Peterβs Fields. The magistrates wrongly believed that people had been marching and drilling like soldiers in preparation. They ordered the army to charge the crowd. In the stampede that followed, 11 people were killed and hundreds injured. The press nicknamed the tragedy βPeterlooβ in mocking memory of the Battle of Waterloo.
Source B
I saw a large crowd that had gathered from miles around and was moving towards St Peterβs Fields. I laughed at the fears of the magistrates as the so-called βmarchingβ protest was actually a procession of men with their wives, sisters and children. After that there was just noise and confusion and I could see that many people had been hurt. I will always be haunted by the sight of those trampled bodies.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks.
Overall: Sources mostly agree about the events of the massacre
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: People had gathered from all over Lancashire in St Peterβs Fields
Source B: I saw a large crowd that had gathered from miles around and was moving towards St Peterβs Fields
agree
Source A: The magistrates wrongly believed that people had been marching and drilling like soldiers in preparation
Source B: (I laughed at the fears of the magistrates as) the so-called βmarchingβ protest was actually a procession of men with their wives, sisters and children
agree
Source A: 11 people were killed and hundreds injured
Source B: I could see that many people had been hurt/I will always be haunted by the sight of those trampled bodies.
Explain the reasons why working in mills was harmful to the health of textile workers.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
hot temperatures led to exhaustion/poor health/made accidents more likely
long hours (12 to 18 hour days) led to exhaustion/poor health/made accidents more likely
few breaks led to exhaustion/made accidents more likely
lack of ventilation made it hard to breathe
harmful dust particles and fibres in the air led to a high rate of lung disease (TB)
noise of machinery often damaged hearing
open lavatory buckets smelly and unhygienic
machines were not fenced, so accidents were frequent
workers often had to work and eat during short breaks which led to accidents being more likely
children often had to climb beneath machinery to clean, causing accidents
child workers prone to rickets due to lack of sunlight and poor quality of food
workers became deformed/stomach pains due to long hours bending over machines
varicose veins common from workers spending long hours on feet
workers were often badly treated or beaten by overseers
before 1830s no laws to regulate working conditions/protect health
difficult to enforce laws passed/not enough factory inspectors
How fully6 marks2016Q30β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1914
How fully does Source C explain the benefits brought to Britain by railways?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the benefits that railways brought to Britain.
Railways changed the lives of nearly everyone in Britain. As early as 1852, all the present-day main lines had been laid. Even the most remote country areas were brought into contact with towns and cities. Industries benefited greatly from being able to transport their raw materials and goods quickly and cheaply. Farmers were able to sell their fresh produce over greater distances. Faster travel meant that people could live further from their jobs, so towns spread as suburbs were built.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
even the most remote country areas were brought into contact with towns and cities
industries benefited greatly from being able to transport their raw materials and goods quickly/cheaply
farmers were able to sell their fresh produce over greater distances
faster travel meant that people could live further from their jobs/towns spread as suburbs were built
Points of significant omission
many jobs created (eg to build or run the railways)
daily national newspapers now possible
improved postal services
cheap fares/day trips and holidays for working class possible
Parliamentary trains meant railway travel was accessible to all
MPs could travel quickly between constituencies and London
political parties able to campaign nationwide
enabled growth of trade union movement
standardised time across Britain (GMT/Railway time)
enabled national sporting leagues to develop
perishable foods more widely available, so diet improved
Describe the changes made to voting and representation by 1867.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
1832 Reform Act
seats were distributed more fairly (eg industrial towns gained MPs)
pocket/rotten boroughs lost their MPs
boroughs with less than 4,000 inhabitants lost one MP each
more seats were awarded to the counties
Scotland was awarded extra seats/Ireland was given extra seats
some people lost the right to vote (eg working men in βpotwalloperβ burghs)
1 in 6 adult men now had the vote/1 in 8 in Scotland, 1 in 5 in England.
electorate increased by about 60%/from 435,000 to 652,000
in Scotland the electorate increased from 4,500 to 65,000
in burghs the franchise was standardised/all male householders paying Β£10 per annum rent got the vote
in counties the franchise was extended to 40 shilling (Β£2)freeholders/Β£10 copyholders/Β£50 tenants
this meant that middle-class men now had the vote (eg small landowners, tenant farmers and shopkeepers)
voter registration introduced/duration of polling limited to two days
1867 Reform Act
enfranchised 1.25 million men/effectively doubled the electorate/1 in 3 men now had vote
all male householders/lodgers in burghs who paid rent of Β£10 per annum got the vote (enfranchised skilled working men in towns)
business owners who paid rates of Β£12 per annum got the vote
seats were redistributed from small towns to the growing industrial towns or counties(eg Liverpool got an extra MP/Edinburgh from two to four MPs)
the University of London was also given a seat/two seats given to Scottish universities
How fully5 marks2015Q33β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1900
How fully does Source A explain the impact of new technology on textile factories?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the impact of new technology on textile factories.
After 1760 there were many inventions that helped to speed up the production of textiles. Spinning was improved by the invention of the Spinning Jenny in 1763, which could spin eight threads at once. In 1769, Arkwright invented the Water Frame which used water power and made much better thread than the Spinning Jenny. A steam engine which was easy to use in factories was developed by Boulton and Watt in the 1780s. This meant that factories did not have to be built near fast-flowing water for a power supply.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of relevant parts of the source where at least one point of significant omission is also identified.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
spinning improved by the invention of the Spinning Jenny/could spin eight threads at once
Arkwrightβs Water Frame used water power and made much better thread than the Spinning Jenny
steam engine was easy to use in factories
steam engine meant that factories did not have to be built near fast-running water for power supply
Points of significant omission
Cromptonβs Mule combined ideas of Spinning Jenny and Water Frame/made high quality thread
Arkwright developed Carding Engine in 1770s
flax spinner developed in 1780s
weaving greatly improved by invention of the Power Loom (in 1785)
Power Loom now meant that weaving as well as spinning could be done in factories.
many handloom weavers were made unemployed when weaving was mechanised/wages of workers fell
machine/cylinder printing used to print patterns on to finished cloth
technological inventions meant that one person or even a child could now do the work of many people
technology meant that there were huge numbers of textile mills built in Britain
Describe working conditions in coal mines before 1842.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
young children worked as trappers/opening and closing trap doors (to help circulate air around the mine)
women and teenagers worked as putters/drawers/pushing or pulling carts of coal along
dangerous as carts could run over fingers/toes/knock workers over
women worked as bearers/carried coal to the surface in baskets on their backs
dangerous as ladders slippery/coal could fall out of baskets/baskets very heavy
men worked as hewers cutting coal by hand with picks and shovels
danger of cave-ins
danger of flooding
danger of explosions (explosive gases/fire damp)
danger of suffocation (suffocating gases/choke damp)
lack of adequate ventilation
risks of falls down the shaft
safety lamps were available, but lighting was poor
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2015Q35β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1900
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of railway travel in the nineteenth century.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a book by a railway inspector, published in 1870.
The comforts, or rather discomforts, of railway travelling about thirty years ago were very different from those of the present day. Third-class carriages were often little different from basic cattle trucks. For a considerable time they were completely open and had no seats. First and second class carriages were covered and had seating. The luggage of the passengers was packed on top of the carriages.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks each may be given for comments relating to the content of the source and to points of significant omission.
Author: Railway inspector
Useful as eyewitness experience of working on the railways
Type of Source: Book
Useful because it will have been well researched/based on expert knowledge
Purpose: To inform readers of changes in railway travel
Useful as it is balanced/an honest personal reflection
Timing: 1870
Useful because it was written at the time of improvements in railway travel
Content
Third-class carriages were often little different from basic cattle trucks β Useful as it is accurate, third class carriages were little more than boxes.
For a considerable time they were completely open and had no seats β Useful as it is accurate/third-class carriages were open/had no roof
First and second class carriages were covered and had seating/the luggage of the passengers was packed on top of the carriages β Useful as it is accurate/second and first-class carriages did have roofs/luggage was stored on top
Points of significant omission
carriages modelled on stage-coaches
third-class carriages were covered by law after the 1844 Railway Act
parliamentary trains/cheap fares introduced after the 1844 Railway Act
later corridors added to trains
later additions included sleeping and buffet cars
railway travel considerably cheaper/more comfortable than road travel
platforms made train travel safer
continuous brakes/brakes on carriages made train travel safer
improved signalling made train travel safer
as railway network developed it was possible to travel to nearly every town or city by train/made leisure trips/holidays easier
Explain the reasons why peopleβs health had improved by 1900.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
immunisation and vaccination campaigns led to decline of killer diseases such as smallpox/made compulsory 1853
anaesthetics improved surgical survival rates
antiseptics reduced deaths from infection
more fresh food was available due to railways so diet improved/people more resistant to disease
improved working conditions led to fewer accidents
Public Health Acts gave local authorities the powers to improve social conditions
clean water supplies meant the eradication of water borne diseases e.g. Cholera
new reservoirs built in the countryside to supply large towns/cities meant improved hygiene
town councils took responsibility for piping fresh water supplies which enabled people to keep clean
cleaner streets reduced the spread of vermin
improved sewerage systems/proper drainage reduced spread of germs/diseases
impact of Housing Acts/destruction of slum properties provided better standards of housing so reducing overcrowding and the spread of disease
flushing toilets improved sanitation
more hospitals helped to treat more people/reduce spread of disease
wash houses and public baths introduced in 1878 which improved personal hygiene
cheaper soap available improving hygiene
cheap cotton clothing was easier to wash which improved personal hygiene
improved food standards reduced illness caused by adulterated food
by 1900 milk could be sterilised which reduced risk of illness caused by contaminated milk
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1900
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of housing conditions in British cities in the nineteenth century.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a report on housing in Manchester, written by a doctor in 1832.
The houses that the mill workers live in are poorly ventilated and do not have toilets. The streets are narrow, unpaved and worn into deep ruts. These ruts become the common resting place of mud, refuse and disgusting rubbish. In Parliament Street there is only one toilet for 380 inhabitants. The flow of muck from this toilet infests close-by houses and must be a source of disease.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Doctor β Useful as it was written by an eyewitness to poor housing conditions in Manchester
Type of Source: Report β Useful as it was part of an official document by someone with medical expertise/reports tend to be factual
Purpose: To record β May be less useful, as report only focuses on one area of Manchester/but useful because factual record of poor housing conditions in Manchester
Timing: 1832 β Useful as it was written at the time of urbanisation/growth of cities/industrial revolution/time when there was a lot of poor housing in British cities
Content
The houses that the mill workers live in are poorly ventilated and do not have toilets β Useful as fairly typical of urban housing in poorer areas at this time
The streets are narrow, unpaved and worn into deep ruts, which become the resting place of mud, refuse and rubbish β Useful as typical of cities at this time with poor sanitation
In Parliament Street there is only one toilet for 380 inhabitants. The flow of muck from this toilet infests close-by houses and must be a source of disease β May be less useful as may have been exaggerated for effect but could also say useful as fairly typical of concerns about dirt and disease at this time
Points of significant omission
Lack of clean water
Overcrowding
Poorly constructed homes
Impact of these living conditions on health β eg rickets/cholera/TB, vermin spread other diseases
To what extent8 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatChanging Britain, 1760β1900
To what extent was new technology the main reason for improvements in coal mining by 1900?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks should be given for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, with knowledge being organised in support of different factors; 1 mark given for a valid judgement or overall conclusion; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the conclusion.
Technology
Iron rails underground made it easier to transport coal
Steam power to raise cages
Wire rope to raise cages
Steam-powered drainage pumps
Davy safety lamp
Metal pit props
Gunpowder used to loosen rock
Technology enabled deeper shafts to be dug, reaching into seams of coal below water-bearing ground
Chain coal-cutting machines from the 1880s
Better ventilation systems
Electric lighting from the 1890s
Electric hauling from the 1890s
Legislation
1842 β banned women and children under 10 from working underground/fatalities reduced as fewer children employed.
1850 β Mine Inspectors appointed, which improved safety
1860 β boys under 12 forbidden to go underground
1862 β mines must have at least two exits
1872 β mine managers required a certificate, which improved safety
from 1894 β minimum wage for miners
Animals
Canaries used to detect pockets of suffocating gas (Choke Damp)
Ponies used (instead of putters) to move wagons of coal
Pressure groups
Trade unions campaigned for shorter working hours/better conditions
Explain the reasons why there was a decline in the use of canals after the 1840s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Canals very slow means of transport β railways much faster
Canals could not go everywhere, especially in hilly country
A more extensive network of railways developed
Canals often different widths and depths, so goods had to be transferred from one size of boat to another
Even short journeys involved several canal companies/inconvenient paperwork/expensive
Locks slowed up movement considerably
Canal transport more expensive than railways/railways carried more goods so more cost effective
Factories could have their own railway sidings β more convenient than canals
Canal companies failed to invest their profits back into widening and deepening canals/Investment needed to widen canals was diverted to railways
