Explain the reasons why there was a conflict in Korea, 1950–1953.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q88The Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent were domestic pressures on Khrushchev the main reason for the Cuban Missile Crisis?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q89The Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons why the USA failed to defeat the Vietcong.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — is from a speech given by President Johnson in 1967.
I come here to speak to you about Vietnam. There are patriotic Americans who no longer support the commitment of half a million young men to the war in Vietnam. Our allies, the South Vietnamese, have fought bravely but are struggling to cope with the invasion from the North. The Vietcong use guerilla tactics and avoid large scale attacks because they would not be successful in those battles. Braver men have never lived than those who carry our colours in Vietnam at this very hour.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully does Source B describe the economic cost of the arms race?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the economic cost of the arms race.
While it helped advance technology, the Cold War was a burden for many countries. Throughout the arms race the Soviet Union spent over 20% of its national budget on its military. Nuclear weapons were built by both sides at great cost but keeping them secure required an additional cost. These projects, and many more like them, diverted money from food production and welfare programmes. President Johnson was unable to fully implement the Great Society as a result of the cost of the arms race.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Describe the political beliefs of the USA, up to 1955.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the USA was a capitalist society
the USA was a democracy, holding regular local and national elections
large numbers of Americans were opposed to communism, for example, Senator Joe McCarthy
many Americans believed their country had to stop the spread of global communism
most Americans did not believe in government control of businesses
the majority of Americans believed that people should be free to own property
free speech was a right supported by most Americans
the USA had freedom of religion as one of its civil liberties
Explain the reasons why a crisis developed in Cuba in 1962.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Fidel Castro’s overthrow of a US-backed dictator worsened relations between Cuba and the USA
Castro’s actions caused American resentment, for example, taking land owned by US companies
America stopped trading with Cuba which pushed Cuba towards the USSR
the Americans cut off diplomatic ties with Cuba, which made communication between the two countries more difficult
America was involved in several assassination attempts on Fidel Castro, which caused Castro to resent the USA
the USA tried to overthrow the Cuban government in the Bay of Pigs invasion, which led to Cuba seeking Soviet military protection
the USA was angered by the USSR and Cuba developing a new economic relationship, for example, buying Cuban sugar
the Soviet Union secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, directly threatening the USA
America imposed a naval quarantine on Cuba, which angered the Cubans and also Soviets
the USSR shot down an American spy plane, increasing tensions in the area
America’s navy dropped depth charges on Soviet submarines, leading to the possibility of war
Compare the views4 marks2025Q93The Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the building of the Berlin Wall.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the building of the Berlin Wall.
In 1961, the East German government gave orders to build a division between East and West Berlin. The initial barrier in Berlin was constructed overnight by the army. Despite the construction of the barricade, people from East Berlin were still able to escape to the West. The fall of the wall began in 1989 and was televised worldwide. Before this, families in the city had been split and prevented from seeing their loved ones.
Source B
During the Cold War, events in Berlin were a constant source of tension between the USA and USSR. The Berlin Wall caused parents to be divided from their children and grandchildren. It was officially known in East Germany as the ‘Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart’. Berliners woke one morning to find a barricade had been built during the night. Some people from East Berlin found ways around the barrier to move to West Berlin.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about the building of the Berlin Wall.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The initial barrier in Berlin was constructed overnight by the army.
Source B: Berliners woke one morning to find a barricade had been built during the night.
agree
Source A: Despite the construction of the barricade, people from East Berlin were still able to escape to the West.
Source B: Some people from East Berlin found ways around the barrier to move to West Berlin.
agree
Source A: Before this, families in the city had been split and prevented from seeing their loved ones.
Source B: The Berlin Wall caused parents to be divided from their children and grandchildren.
To what extent9 marks2025Q94The Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent were military problems the main reason why American views changed on the Vietnam War?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Military problems
large numbers of US soldiers were killed, reducing support for fighting
many American soldiers argued that it was impossible to beat a guerrilla force
the Tet Offensive hurt US morale and made people doubt their prospects of victory
Impact on Vietnamese civilians
many Americans were angry that civilians were killed and injured by US bombing
the massacre of civilians at My Lai outraged American public opinion
environmental damage caused by chemical weapons led to some Americans opposing the war, for example, Agent Orange
American domestic issues
many Americans were annoyed at paying higher taxes to fund the war
the prospect of being ‘drafted’ turned other Americans against the conflict
some Black Americans believed they should not fight for a country which treated them badly, for example, Martin Luther King
TV coverage of the war raised awareness of the true horrors of conflict
How fully does Source C describe the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) and other agreements?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) and other agreements.
Nuclear weapons were first used at the end of the Second World War. In the 1960s, the world came close to nuclear conflict. In 1969, the USA and USSR started Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to end the arms race. This led to both sides limiting the number of missile defence sites they could have. The USA also agreed to restrict the number of nuclear weapons submarines that it operated. A second series of SALT talks took place but a deal was never finalised.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
In 1969, the USA and USSR started Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to end the arms race. (The formal SALT process started in 1969.)
This led to both sides limiting the number of missile defence sites they could have. (Each side agreed to a fixed number of missile defence sites.)
The USA also agreed to restrict the number of nuclear weapons submarines that it operated. (The USA agreed to have a certain number of nuclear submarines.)
A second series of SALT talks took place but a deal was never finalised. (SALT 2’s conditions were not finalised.)
Points of significant omission
both sides formally agreed to try to avoid military confrontation
as part of SALT, the USA and USSR agreed to respect each other’s national borders
both sides agreed to increase trade between them
limits were agreed on numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles
Helsinki Accords (in 1975) agreed standards on human rights
the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty let each country have one defence system for their capital city and another for a missile site
Describe the political beliefs of the Soviet Union, up to 1955.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the USSR was a Communist society
Soviet leaders said they wanted an equal society
the workers were meant to control the USSR's resources
the Soviet state rejected religion
ownership of private property was generally not allowed
the USSR aimed to spread Communism around the world
the Soviet Union's political beliefs were partly based on the writings of Karl Marx
key industries were nationalised, for example, electricity, agriculture
Compare the views4 marks2024Q92The Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the setting up of NATO.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the setting up of NATO.
World War Two ended in 1945 but tensions continued in Europe. The decision to set up NATO was very popular and welcomed right across member countries. The key purpose of NATO was to protect Western Europe from Soviet attack. Despite initial reluctance, the Americans had kept their army in Europe after World War Two which led to NATO being established in 1949. In response, the Soviet Union set up the Warsaw Pact with fellow Communist nations.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the setting up of NATO.
With the ending of World War Two, disagreements over the future of Germany and Europe were widely debated among the former allies. The Soviets believed that the USA had always wanted to leave its soldiers in Europe to maintain an American military presence. Joining NATO was not universally welcomed with at least one country having a major riot protesting against membership. Many Soviets felt that NATO's main aim was to invade the USSR.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the setting up of NATO.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The decision to set up NATO was very popular and welcomed right across member countries.
Source B: Joining NATO was not universally welcomed with at least one country having a major riot protesting against membership.
disagree
Source A: The key purpose of NATO was to protect Western Europe from Soviet attack.
Source B: Many Soviets felt that NATO's main aim was to invade the USSR.
disagree
Source A: Despite initial reluctance, the Americans had kept their army in Europe after World War Two which led to NATO being established in 1949.
Source B: The Soviets believed that the USA had always wanted to leave its soldiers in Europe to maintain an American military presence.
Explain the reasons why the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 took place.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Hungarians were angry at the Soviet military presence in their country
many Hungarians had been sent to prison for opposing Soviet control, leading to public anger
the Hungarian secret police (the AVH) caused fear throughout the country and people hoped revolution would end this
religious Hungarians were driven to revolt by limits on the practice of their faith
crop failures and food shortages in Hungary led to public anger and hopes for change
Hungarians wanted Imre Nagy back in power as Hungarian leader
limits on freedoms increased demands for change and reform
Hungarians felt their culture was being undermined leading to public anger, for example, Russian language signs
many Hungarians opposed the policies of hard-line Communist leaders, for example, Mátyás Rákosi
political unrest in Poland inspired many Hungarians to pursue their own revolution
the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 meant some Hungarians hoped the new Soviet regime would be less repressive
USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev (Secret Speech) criticised Stalin's rule, inspiring some Hungarians to overthrow their own government
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the USA became involved in the Vietnam War?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the USA became involved in the Vietnam War.
The USA's involvement in the Vietnam War remains a very controversial event. They feared the rise of anti-American groups as a result of the collapse of French control in south-east Asia. The USA was also driven by a desire to stop the spread of world Communism. The so-called 'Red Scare' in America meant the government wanted to be seen to be taking anti-Communist actions. At first the American public encouraged their government to take action to support democracy in Vietnam.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
They feared the rise of anti-American groups as a result of the collapse of French control in south-east Asia. (USA needed to get involved in Vietnam to stop anti-US groups coming to power.)
The USA was also driven by a desire to stop the spread of world Communism. (USA wanted to ensure Communism did not develop around the world.)
The so-called 'Red Scare' in America meant the government wanted to be seen to be taking anti-Communist actions. (The US government intervened in Vietnam because it wanted to act against Communism.)
At first the American public encouraged their government to take action to support democracy in Vietnam. (Public backing for US intervention in Vietnam prompted the government to take action.)
Points of significant omission
the USA joined the war because of belief in the 'Domino Theory'
China becoming Communist (1949) increased US fears concerning Communism's spread in Asia and elsewhere
USSR and Chinese support for North Vietnam forced the USA to back South Vietnam
US success in stopping the spread of Communism in Korea encouraged similar action in Vietnam
the Gulf of Tonkin incident (when the US claimed North Vietnam attacked its ships) caused US anger and led to increased American military involvement
successful intervention in Vietnam would allow the USA to demonstrate their global strength and power
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q95The Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons why there were attempts at détente between the USA and USSR.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D — is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1994.
After the death of President Kennedy, various events around the world affected the USA and USSR. America's failure to win in Vietnam caused US fears about their ability to defeat the Soviets. This war and other conflicts caused huge anti-war protests in the USA, which the American government wanted to stop. The Soviet Union was concerned that attempts to control revolts in Eastern Europe were using up their limited resources. By the 1970s, both sides were involved in attempts at détente.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: a modern historian — Useful as they will be an expert on attempts at détente.
Type of Source: textbook — Useful as a well-researched account of the détente era.
Purpose: to educate — Useful as a detailed account of the reasons for détente.
Timing: 1994 — Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
America's failure to win in Vietnam caused US fears about their ability to beat the Soviets. (Useful because it is accurate (America's failure to win in Vietnam meant it wanted to reduce tension with the USSR).)
This war and other conflicts at the time caused huge anti-war protests in the USA, which the American government wanted to stop. (Useful because it is accurate (anti-war protests forced the US government to seek peace).)
The Soviet Union was concerned that attempts to control revolts in Eastern Europe were using up their limited resources. (Useful because it is accurate (the USSR's own internal problems left them seeking to improve US relations).)
Points of significant omission
the growing influence of China forced the Soviets to try and maintain their global power and influence
the USA and USSR both feared nuclear war and took steps to reduce tensions
huge military spending by both sides could not be sustained
the 1970s oil price crisis forced both sides to seek peace due to the economic problems they faced
How fully does Source A describe what happened during the Korean War?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes what happened during the Korean War.
Korea had once been part of Japan’s empire but gained independence after World War Two. At this stage, the USA did not consider Korea to be a strategically important location. However, in 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. The Soviet Union gave different types of help to the North Koreans, including medical assistance. Large numbers of Chinese troops also fought in the war. This forced the USA to take action and eventually the United Nations sent military support to assist the South Koreans.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
However, in 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. (The war started after North Korea invaded South Korea.)
The Soviet Union gave different types of help to the North Koreans, including medical assistance. (The Soviet Union supported North Korea, such as giving medical help.)
Large numbers of Chinese troops also fought in the war. (Chinese troops were involved in the war.)
This forced the USA to take action and eventually the United Nations sent military support to assist the South Koreans. (South Korea was supported by United Nations troops.)
Points of significant omission
both sides gained and lost control of Seoul at different stages of the war
there were numerous land battles during the war, for example, the Battle of Bloody Ridge
air battles took place between USA and Soviet planes
huge numbers of civilians were killed during the war
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q88The Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of events during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — from a speech given by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962
Source B is from a speech given by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962.
Good evening, my fellow citizens. Within the past week unmistakable evidence has been revealed that the Soviet Union has placed nuclear weapons in Cuba. The size of this undertaking makes it clear that it has been planned for some months. I have ordered immediate action, including increased surveillance of Cuba. I have also reinforced our military base in Cuba. Our goal is both peace and freedom, here and around the world. God willing, that aim will be achieved.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: US President John F. Kennedy (Useful because as US leader he was aware of events during the crisis.)
Type of Source: speech (Useful as it was aimed at people in the USA.)
Purpose: to inform (Useful as it describes US actions in response to the Soviet threat.)
Timing: 1962 (Useful because this was the same time as the Cuban Missile Crisis was taking place.)
Content
Within the past week unmistakable evidence has been revealed that the Soviet Union has placed nuclear weapons in Cuba. (Useful as it is accurate (the Soviets did place nuclear missiles in Cuba).)
I have ordered immediate action, including increased surveillance of Cuba. (Useful as it is accurate (the US did increase its spying activities on Cuba).)
I have also reinforced our military base in Cuba. (Useful because it is accurate (the US did increase its military presence in Cuba).)
Points of significant omission
the US imposed a blockade on Cuba, warning Soviet ships not to go to the island
an American spy plane was shot down over Cuba
the US navy dropped depth charges on Soviet submarines
the Soviets eventually agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba
Explain the reasons why the USA failed to win the Vietnam War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
strategic hamlets, removal of South Vietnamese peasants from their villages, very unpopular and lost local support
Operation Rolling Thunder, bombs hit schools and hospitals, lost local support
My Lai massacre led to innocent civilians being killed, population turned on US soldiers
Vietcong tactics used brutal guerrilla warfare, for example, punji sticks
mental health impact on US soldiers affected their morale
Vietcong were fighting in familiar terrain
foreign aid from Soviet Union and China, for example, radar, pilot training, and MIG fighters
Vietnamese soldiers were more committed to the effort as they were fighting a foreign invader
opposition in the US because of media coverage, for example, ‘Napalm girl’
opposition to the draft in the US, for example, civil rights movement opposed it
To what extent9 marks2023Q90(a)The Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent was Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadership the main reason for changing relations between the USA and the USSR, 1968–1989?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Role of Mikhail Gorbachev
Gorbachev was more open to making changes than previous leaders
Gorbachev believed that the Soviet Union could not survive without reform
Gorbachev developed positive relations with other world leaders
Soviet economic problems
the Soviet Union’s economy was struggling and needed outside investment
poor living standards in the USSR led to public complaints
Soviet military problems
Soviet struggles in the Afghanistan War showed their limitations
it was becoming more difficult to control Eastern Bloc countries
Role of Ronald Reagan
Reagan’s huge increase in US military spending was something the USSR could not match
the USA’s ‘Star Wars’ defence system worried the Soviets that their weapons would soon become useless against the USA
Other factors
the Chernobyl explosion shocked Soviet leaders into more cooperation with the West
impact of Western media on raising awareness of living standards outside the Soviet Union
To what extent9 marks2023Q90(b)The Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent was the need to stop Western spying the main reason for the building of the Berlin Wall?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Stop Western spies
many East Berliners were spying on behalf of Western countries
Western countries used East Berlin to spy on Communists, for example, tapping East Berlin phone lines
Soviet authorities claimed that Western spies used access to Berlin to get into the USSR
Stop population loss
many East Germans that left were the country’s most skilled, for example, scientists, mathematicians
many East Germans moved west between 1949 and 1961
many East Germans went to West Berlin before travelling out of Germany to other Western countries
Protect and defend Communism
East Germany government claimed the Wall was to stop ‘fascist’ access
Soviets did not want the embarrassment of East Germans appearing to choose Capitalism over Communism
Anger towards West Germany and its allies
Soviets resented Western presence in East Germany and were angry that the West would not give up control of their sectors of Berlin
failure of Soviet diplomacy to gain recognition for East Germany
growing concerns in East Germany and the USSR at the increasing military strength of West Germany
Describe what happened during the Korean War, 1950–1953.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
North Korean troops invaded South Korea in June 1950
North Korea received military support from China and the USSR
the United Nations sent troops to help South Korea
both sides gained and lost control of Seoul at different stages of the war
the Battle of Inchon involved UN forces defeating the North Korean army after the UN had launched an amphibious invasion
more than 500,000 soldiers were killed during the conflict
up to 3 million civilians were killed during the war
the two sides agreed an armistice in July 1953 (for example, Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel between north and south)
To what extent9 marks2022Q92The Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent were concerns about population loss the main reason for the building of the Berlin Wall?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Population loss
desire to curtail huge numbers of East Germans moving west, for example, between 1949 and 1961, up to 3 million left
prevent younger East Berliners from moving to West Berlin
too many skilled East Germans left, for example, scientists
stop East Germans going to West Berlin before travelling out of Germany to other Western countries
Western spies
East German government claimed that Western spies used Berlin to get into East Germany and Eastern Europe
wanted to stop East Berliners from spying on behalf of Western countries
desire to stop acts of sabotage by Western spies in East Berlin
Protect and defend Communism
East German government claimed the wall stopped Western ideology spreading across East Germany, for example, wall was called ‘anti-fascist bulwark’
Soviets didn’t want the embarrassment of people appearing to choose Capitalism over Communism
Attitudes towards the West
East Germans resented Western control of parts of Berlin
wanted to secure official recognition of East Germany by the West
growing concerns in East Germany and the USSR at the increasing military strength of West Germany (such as joining NATO)
Compare the views4 marks2022Q93The Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about domestic pressures on US President Kennedy.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about domestic pressures on US President Kennedy.
After becoming American President in January 1960, John F. Kennedy faced many significant problems. Many senators pushed him to reduce the advantage that the USSR seemed to have in the space race. Other issues affected his government too. The growing civil rights campaign urged him to take action to tackle prejudice against black people. Other Americans lived in poverty and pressed Kennedy to try to end unemployment.
Source B
US President John F. Kennedy is now remembered as a successful leader. He became President during an economic crisis and faced demands to create jobs. In addition, Soviet success in sending Yuri Gagarin into outer space scared politicians who wanted action to improve their space programme. Kennedy also struggled with pleas to stop the racism that many Americans suffered from each day. The President appointed various people to support him, including his brother, Robert.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about domestic pressures on US President Kennedy.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Many senators pushed him to reduce the advantage that the USSR seemed to have in the space race.
Source B: In addition, Soviet success in sending Yuri Gagarin into outer space scared politicians who wanted action to improve their space programme.
agree
Source A: The growing civil rights campaign urged him to take action to tackle prejudice against black people.
Source B: Kennedy also struggled with pleas to stop the racism that many Americans suffered from each day.
agree
Source A: Other Americans lived in poverty and pressed Kennedy to try to end unemployment.
Source B: He became President during an economic crisis and faced demands to create jobs.
Explain the reasons why many Americans changed their views on the Vietnam War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
some Americans were pacifists and opposed all wars
many Americans were angry at the number of US soldiers being killed
some Americans disliked the high financial cost of war, for example, President Johnson asked Congress to raise taxes to pay for war costs
other Americans worried about environmental damage being done by chemical weapons, for example, Agent Orange and napalm
many Americans were outraged when they heard about atrocities committed by US soldiers, for example, My Lai
some civil rights campaigners believed that too many black people were being sent to fight in the war
many American soldiers believed it was impossible to defeat a guerrilla enemy
TV coverage showed the horrors of war, increasing public opposition
some Americans did not want to be forced to fight in Vietnam as part of ‘the draft’
many Americans believed that ‘the draft’ was unfair towards poor people, for example, men with a college place could defer being drafted
How fully does Source C describe attempts at détente between the superpowers after 1968?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes attempts at détente between the superpowers after 1968.
Rising military costs helped push the USA and USSR to improve relations. Richard Nixon made history when he became the first American President to travel to Moscow. Partly as a result of this meeting, the two countries agreed actions to limit their submarine-launched missiles. One significant development was the normalisation of relations between the two superpowers through trade agreements. The USA also sought to improve their links with China through the famous ‘Ping Pong’ diplomacy exchange of table tennis players. Détente ended after 1979.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Richard Nixon made history when he became the first American President to travel to Moscow. (Nixon was the first President to visit Moscow for talks.)
Partly as a result of this meeting, the two countries agreed actions to limit their submarine-launched missiles. (An agreement was made to limit the number of submarine based missiles.)
One significant development was the normalisation of relations between the two superpowers through trade agreements. (Trade agreements were used to normalise relations.)
The USA also sought to improve their links with China through the famous ‘Ping Pong’ diplomacy exchange of table tennis players. (Ping Pong was used by the USA to improve diplomatic relations with China.)
Points of significant omission
the joint space programme, for example, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
attempts to limit nuclear weapons, for example, SALT agreement
USA tried to show goodwill by promising to respect Eastern European borders
Soviet Union committed to improving human rights in the Eastern Bloc
Soviet Premier Brezhnev travelled to Washington for another summit
agreement to not develop or use biological weapons
How fully does Source D describe the military tactics used by the USA during their involvement in the Vietnam War?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the military tactics used by the USA during their involvement in the Vietnam War.
After the French withdrawal from Vietnam, the USA became more directly involved. At first the US sent military advisors, whose job it was to oversee the South Vietnamese use of American weaponry. America also tried strategic hamlets, moving South Vietnamese peasants to protected villages. Later President Johnson ordered a major bombing campaign of North Vietnamese military targets. President Nixon followed a plan of Vietnamisation, training South Vietnam forces whilst reducing American forces. The USA saw the conflict in simple terms: America stood for freedom, whilst the Communists wanted tyranny.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
At first the US sent military advisors, whose job it was to oversee the South Vietnamese use of American weaponry. (The US sent military advisors to train South Vietnamese troops.)
America also tried strategic hamlets, moving South Vietnamese peasants to protected villages. (US used the tactic of strategic hamlets for South Vietnamese peasants.)
Later President Johnson ordered a major bombing campaign of North Vietnam military targets. (US heavily bombed North Vietnam.)
President Nixon followed a plan of Vietnamisation, training South Vietnam forces whilst reducing American forces. (Nixon implemented the reduction of US troops and Vietnamisation of fighting.)
Points of significant omission
the USA sent combat troops whose job it was to directly fight in the conflict
chemical weapons (such as napalm and Agent Orange) were used to destroy the jungle where Vietcong fighters hid
search and destroy missions aimed to kill any Vietcong found in villages
helicopters were used to transport troops and also in combat operations
Operation Phoenix involved the CIA capturing and killing Vietnamese people, including members of the Vietcong
USA began to spread military operations to Cambodia to cut supplies from North Vietnam to the south
Compare the views4 marks2021Q91The Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the success of American tactics in the Korean War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the success of American tactics in the Korean War.
In June 1950 North Korea attacked South Korea. The Americans were able to react quickly in 1950 and a brilliant sea borne attack on Inchon led to the recovery of Seoul. President Truman was correct in deciding not to use weapons of mass destruction as it would have escalated the war. The defensive strategy adopted from 1951 was the correct decision as the United States lacked the numbers to go on the attack.
Source B
The slow start by the USA in 1950 allowed North Korean forces to push far into South Korea. Had the United States adopted more aggressive tactics in late 1951 they could have retaken large amounts of North Korean territory. They should have used nuclear weapons as the Chinese didn't have their own nuclear weapons to respond with. The armistice of 1953 left North and South Korea divided at the 38th Parallel.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the success of American tactics in the Korean war.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: The Americans were able to react quickly in 1950 and a brilliant sea borne attack on Inchon led to the recovery of Seoul.
Source B: The slow start by the USA in 1950 allowed North Korean forces to push far into South Korea.
disagree
Source A: President Truman was correct in deciding not to use weapons of mass destruction as it would have escalated the war.
Source B: They should have used nuclear weapons as the Chinese didn't have their own nuclear weapons to respond with.
disagree
Source A: The defensive strategy adopted from 1951 was the correct decision as the United States lacked the numbers to go on the attack.
Source B: Had the United States been bolder in late 1951 they could have retaken large amounts of North Korean territory.
Describe the demands of the protestors in Hungary in 1956.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why President Kennedy demanded the withdrawal of nuclear missiles from Cuba?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why President Kennedy demanded the withdrawal of nuclear missiles from Cuba.
President Kennedy felt he must defend the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not allow any European country to interfere in the American hemisphere. Kennedy demanded the removal of Soviet missiles as he knew that if he instead reacted by invading Cuba this could lead to war. He had to take this strong response in order to keep the support of the American public. Kennedy also felt he needed to recover from the Vienna Summit, where Khrushchev had got the better of him. Kennedy died in 1963.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
President Kennedy felt he must defend the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not allow any European country to interfere in the American hemisphere
JFK demanded the removal of Soviet missiles as he knew that if he instead reacted by invading Cuba this could lead to war
he had to take this strong response in order to keep the support of the American public
Kennedy also felt he needed to recover from the Vienna Summit, where Khrushchev had got the better of him.
Points of significant omission
it was necessary to act as the missiles would be close enough to strike most major US cities with very little warning
after the Bay of Pigs fiasco Kennedy could not risk another failure over Cuba
Kennedy had to act, as if he did nothing Communism would be secured in Cuba
failure to act could lead to non-aligned countries supporting the Soviets
a strong response was needed as he was under pressure from the American military to act
if they didn't take action America's allies would doubt their willingness to stand-up to the Soviet Union in the future.
Explain the reasons why the United States lost the war in Vietnam.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
America was trying to supply a war 8,000 miles from home which made it very difficult for them
the Vietcong were familiar with the terrain which gave them a clear advantage
it was very difficult for US forces to identify the Vietcong from Vietnamese civilians
the Vietcong were highly motivated as they were fighting to drive out invaders from their country
the hit and run tactics of the Vietcong sapped US morale
the Vietcong were able to use tunnels to avoid detection by U.S. forces
the morale of US soldiers was very low and this reduced their combat effectiveness
President Johnson refused General Westmoreland's request for additional troops
many Vietnamese wanted to see the defeat of the US and the corrupt South Vietnamese regime
the brutality of the Americans (for example, My Lai Massacre) alienated the Vietnamese
the American war effort was undermined by growing opposition on the Home Front
both Russia and China supported the North Vietnamese and Vietcong with vital weapons.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q95The Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of attempts at détente.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D — from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2003
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2003.
The 1960s and 1970s saw various attempts by the two great superpowers to reduce tension. This became known as the era of détente. In 1963 the USA and USSR signed a nuclear test ban treaty, which banned most nuclear testing. In the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty the nuclear powers agreed not to give any other countries nuclear technology. An important 1971 treaty saw both countries commit to not placing nuclear weapons on the seabed.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful because they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because it will have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose (to inform): Useful as it provides detailed information about the attempts at détente.
Timing (2003): Useful because it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In 1963 the USA and USSR signed a nuclear test ban treaty, which banned most nuclear testing. (Useful as it is accurate (that this ban on testing was agreed).)
In the 1968 Non Proliferation Treaty the nuclear powers agreed not to give any other countries nuclear technology. (Useful as it is accurate (that there was an attempt to limit the spread of nuclear weapons).)
An important 1971 treaty saw both countries commit to not placing nuclear weapons on the seabed. (Useful as it is accurate (that this ban on seabed weapons did come into force).)
Points of significant omission
joint Soyuz-Apollo space flight
the SALT 1 treaty was an agreement to limit the number of anti-ballistic missiles/freeze the number of long range missiles
SALT 2 placed limits on the number of missiles/bombers
in the Helsinki Accords both countries agreed not to use force to change borders in Europe.
Explain the reasons why the Cold War began after 1945.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
ideological conflict between communism and capitalism caused tension
the only thing that kept America and the Soviet Union together was over (defeating Germany and Japan in the Second World War)
the Americans had developed the atomic bomb in secret and this angered/worried the Soviet Union
disagreements over Eastern Europe at Potsdam (for example Poland)
Soviet troops were occupying most of Eastern Europe and this caused tension
Soviet suspicions over the Marshall Plan's intentions
Truman, the new American President, was more Anti-Communist than Roosevelt had been
an arms race developed causing further tension/intensifies after the Soviets detonated an atomic bomb in 1949
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q88The Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons for Soviet intervention in Hungary in 1956.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — from a speech by the Commander of Soviet Armed Forces in 1956
Source A is from a speech by the Commander of Soviet Armed Forces in 1956.
Comrade soldiers, officers and generals!
At the end of October an uprising was started by forces in Hungary. Their aim was to destroy democracy and restore the old landowning capitalist rulers. Events have shown these anti-communists have used this military adventure to try to bring back fascism in Hungary. At the request of Hungary, Soviet troops have started carrying out their obligations to our allies. This is being done on the basis of the Warsaw Pact, established between members of the socialist camp.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Commander of Soviet Armed Forces. Useful because he was an eye-witness.
Type of Source: Speech. Less useful as it could be one-sided.
Purpose: to persuade. Less useful as it will exaggerate the threat of anti-communists.
Timing: 1956. Useful as it was at the time of the Soviet invasion.
Content: Their (forces in Hungary) aim was to destroy democracy and restore the old landowning capitalist rulers. Useful as it is accurate (the Soviets saw any deviation from their system as fascism/an attempt to destroy socialism).
Content: Events have shown these anti-communists have used this military adventure to try to bring back fascism in Hungary. Less useful as it is exaggerated (fascism was discredited throughout Europe at this time).
Content: At the request of Hungary, Soviet troops have started carrying out their obligations to our Allies. Less useful as it is inaccurate (the Hungarian leader did not want Soviet intervention).
Points of significant omission
the Soviets were concerned that Hungary could join the Western camp
the Soviets feared that democratic elections in Hungary would see a rejection of communist rule
the Soviets worried that other countries would follow the example of Hungary and they would lose control of Eastern Europe
Soviets moved quickly to take advantage of Western hesitancy (USA/Britain/France distracted by Suez)
How fully does Source B describe the military tactics of the Vietcong?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the military tactics of the Vietcong.
The Americans made extensive use of new technology in their war in Vietnam. The American Army were faced by the Vietcong, who had to rely on surprise attacks before quickly disappearing. The Vietcong made full use of the Ho Chi Minh trail to supply their armies with weapons. Lots of landmines were laid in front of the advancing American troops. The Vietcong placed their bases in swamps and forests to make it difficult for the American forces to locate them.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Vietcong, who had to rely on surprise attacks before quickly disappearing
the Vietcong made full use of the Ho Chi Minh trail to supply their armies with weapons
lots of landmines were laid in front of the advancing American troops
the Vietcong placed their bases in swamps and forests to make it difficult for the American forces to locate them
Points of significant omission
‘Hanging onto the belts’ of the Americans — staying so close to the Americans so they could not use air or artillery backup without killing their own men
use of booby traps
mingling in with peasants to prevent identification
the Tet Offensive was an attack on South Vietnamese cities
use of tunnels
use of heavy machine guns to target American helicopters
To what extent9 marks2019Q90The Cold War, 1945–1989
How important was the cost of the arms race as a reason why the USA and Soviet Union followed a policy of détente from the late 1960s?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Cost of the arms race
many in the Soviet Union believed it simply could not match the spending of the USA/growing unrest over living conditions in Soviet Union
there was a demand in the USA for money to be used to tackle social and economic problems/USA had concerns over the heavy financial burden of Vietnam
the price of oil rocketed in the 1970s and both superpowers experienced economic problems
there was concern in the Soviet Union as the Five Year Plans of 1966-70 failed to reach their objectives
Mutually Assured Destruction
both sides had built roughly the same amount of ICBMs/it seemed there could be no clear winner in the arms race
both sides had come to the brink of nuclear war in the 1960s (for example the Cuban missile crisis)
the development of ABMs increased the likelihood of a first strike if compromise was not reached
Strategic objectives
the Soviets wanted to prevent a possible Sino-American alliance
the Americans hoped that with better relations the Soviets might restrain North Vietnam
the Americans wanted to exploit better relations to end the war in Vietnam
the Soviets hoped for better relations with Western Europe, perhaps detaching them from the USA
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ91The Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons why a Cold War broke out between the Soviet Union and the USA. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about why a Cold War broke out between the superpowers.
Once World War Two was over, relations between the two allies deteriorated, to be replaced by a climate of suspicion between America and the Soviet Union. Soviet and American leaders held opposing ideological views and attempted to spread their beliefs to other countries. Tensions continued to grow over the next few years. America’s decision to develop and use the atomic bomb against the Japanese without consulting the Soviets placed further strain on relations.
Source B
As soon as the war ended, the Soviet Union and the Americans developed open hostility towards each other. The meetings at Yalta and Potsdam did little to improve relations between the two countries. The new American President Truman and Soviet leader Stalin seemed hostile to one another, and this emphasised their ideological divisions. The tension at Potsdam was increased by America’s use of the atomic bomb against Japan.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall – the sources agree about the reasons why a Cold War broke out between the Soviet Union and the USA
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: (Once World War Two was over) relations between the two allies deteriorated, to be replaced by a climate of suspicion between America and the Soviet Union.
Source B: As soon as the war ended the Soviet Union and the Americans developed open hostility towards each other.
agree
Source A: Soviet and American leaders held opposing ideological views...
Source B: (The new American President Truman and Soviet leader Stalin seemed hostile to one another and) this emphasised their ideological divisions.
agree
Source A: America’s decision to develop and use the atomic bomb against the Japanese without consulting the Soviets placed further strain on relations.
Source B: The tension at Potsdam was increased by America’s use of the atomic bomb against Japan.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ92The Cold War, 1945–1989
How fully does Source C describe the events which led to the crisis in Berlin in 1961? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the events which led to the crisis in Berlin in 1961.
By 1960 the situation in East Berlin was very dangerous. A new East German labour law, which stopped workers from going on strike, had led to growing unrest in the factories. Agriculture reforms had led to higher prices and food shortages. All of this led to a massive increase in the numbers of refugees fleeing to the West. At a meeting of the Warsaw Pact states, Khrushchev had been informed about the situation. In the six months up to June 1961, 103,000 East Germans had fled through Berlin.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
a new East German labour law, which stopped workers from going on strike, had led to growing unrest in the factories
agriculture reforms had led to higher prices and food shortages
all of this led to a massive increase in the numbers of refugees fleeing to the West
in the six months up to June 1961, 103,000 East Germans had fled through Berlin.
Points of significant omission
in June 1961 the Soviet Premier Khrushchev raised tensions by threatening to end the existing four-power agreements guaranteeing American, British, and French rights to access West Berlin
President Kennedy asked Congress for an additional $3 billion to increase America’s armed forces
the Soviets accused the West of using Berlin as a centre of operations against East Germany and the Soviet Union
In August 1961 the East German government took the decision to close the border between East and West Berlin
East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles, and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences around the three western sectors
East Germans then started building a wall to separate the east and west of the city.
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ93The Cold War, 1945–1989
Explain the reasons why the USA became involved in a crisis over Cuba in 1962.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Cuban leader Castro had formed a close alliance with the Soviet Union which alarmed the USA
Castro had angered American businesses by nationalising key Cuban industries
there were fears that Castro would turn Cuba into a communist stronghold
Kennedy was looking for an opportunity to take revenge against Castro after the failure of the Bay of Pigs incident
Castro agreed to site Soviet missiles on Cuba which USA saw as a threat to US cities
US spy planes took photographs of missile bases being constructed on Cuba
Cuba was only a short distance from the American mainland so caused great concern in the USA
an American U2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba further increasing tension
America was furious at Soviets as they refused to remove their missiles from Cuba
Soviet ships sailing towards the American blockade around Cuba with additional missiles increased the tension
President Kennedy was under huge pressure to stand up to communist aggression
American public opinion would not accept the presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba.
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ94The Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent were Vietcong tactics the main reason for their success in winning the war in Vietnam?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Vietcong tactics
Vietcong were expert in conducting guerrilla warfare
Vietcong made full use of local knowledge /knowledge of the terrain
Vietcong generally avoided large scale attacks/when they attacked it was with fanatical determination
Vietcong travelled light carrying few supplies and basic weapons.
American soldiers
American soldiers were poorly trained and ill-equipped for jungle warfare/did not cope with the guerrilla tactics
the draft system meant that there was a lack of experience among American forces
American soldiers had low morale and lacked respect for their officers – reduced their combat effectiveness.
Opposition in USA
increasingly people in the USA were tired of the war/the war was wasting young American lives
the media presented evidence of cruelty by American soldiers, war crimes such as the My Lai massacre, tactics of defoliation
welfare programmes in America were being dropped because of the cost of the war in Vietnam.
US military problems
failure of American tactics – strategic hamlets, carpet bombing, use of defoliants (Agent Orange)
the US was trying to supply a war 8000 miles from America which made it very difficult for them.
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ95The Cold War, 1945–1989
Describe the steps taken to reduce tension between the USA and the USSR between 1968 and 1989.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
a hotline between the Soviet and American leaders was established following the Cuban Missile Crisis
the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which aimed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, was signed in 1968
in 1971 Brezhnev announced the ‘programme for peace’ to improve relations between East and West
war in Vietnam was scaled down and then ended in the early 1970s and this had a positive influence on superpower relations
President Nixon’s visit to Moscow in 1973 helped to reduce tension
USA and USSR signed Helsinki Accords in 1975 to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West
both sides reached agreement to limit or reduce nuclear weapons - SALT II
trade agreements between both sides helped to improve relations/USA begins to sell the USSR wheat in 1970s.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
to protect Western Europe from a potential Soviet attack
to resist the spread of Communism to Western Europe
to provide for a system of collective security
to strengthen the American military presence in Europe
to ensure that smaller member countries would be less vulnerable to Soviet influence or attack (in case the Soviets tried to pick off countries one by one)
to make good on the Truman doctrine, which stated that the US would resist the spread of Communism
in 1948 Czechoslovakia became Communist and this prompted action as it saw the disappearance of the last democracy in Eastern Europe
the Berlin blockade seemed to indicate a new aggressive intent from the Soviets and NATO was established to try and counter this
as a US response to British requests to do more to aid the countries of Western Europe
the US hoped that NATO would integrate West Germany into the European system and thus reduce the likelihood of future conflict.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q92The Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the Cuban missile crisis.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian, published in 1997.
The Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb in 1949. From this point there was the possibility of nuclear war between the Soviet Union and America. In 1962 Castro agreed to the placing of 64 nuclear missiles on 9 bases in Cuba. In October, 43,000 Soviet servicemen arrived in Cuba, along with hundreds of tanks and anti-aircraft missiles to operate and defend the bases. The equipment was unloaded at night and the servicemen arrived on cruise ships dressed as holidaymakers.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historian — Useful as he is a well-informed expert.
Type of source
Textbook — Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose
To inform — Useful as it provides detailed information.
Timing
1997 — Useful as it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In 1962 Castro agreed to the placing of 64 nuclear missiles on 9 bases in Cuba — Useful as it is accurate (Castro did allow several Soviet bases to be set up in Cuba).
In October, 43,000 Soviet servicemen arrived in Cuba, along with hundreds of tanks and anti-aircraft missiles, to operate and defend the bases — Useful as it is accurate (a considerable number of Soviet military personnel were based in Cuba).
The equipment was unloaded at night, and the servicemen arrived on cruise ships dressed as holidaymakers — Useful as it is accurate (Soviets did try to disguise their intentions).
Points of significant omission
an American U2 spy plane took photographs of the missile sites
the Americans responded with a naval blockade of Cuba
US armed forces moved to DefCon2
Krushchev agreed to remove the missiles (if the US did the same in Turkey).
How fully does Source B describe American military tactics in Vietnam? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about American military tactics in Vietnam.
By the end of 1968 there were more than half a million American troops in Vietnam. Their involvement in this conflict would prove to be very controversial indeed. The Americans used napalm which caused horrific burns on its victims. Anti-personnel bombs exploded in mid-air and spewed out thousands of pellets and needles onto the land below. Helicopters were also used to transport platoons in and out of the jungle very quickly. Operation Flaming Dart was a bombing campaign targeting North Vietnamese bases in 1965.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Americans used napalm which caused horrific burns on its victims
anti-personnel bombs exploded in mid-air and spewed out thousands of pellets and needles onto the land below
helicopters were also used to transport platoons in and out of the jungle very quickly
Operation Flaming Dart was a bombing campaign targeting North Vietnamese bases in 1965
Points of significant omission
Agent Orange was sprayed on crops/jungle
search and destroy missions aimed to kill any Vietcong found in villages
peasants were forced to leave Vietcong controlled areas and live in strategic hamlets
‘Zippo’ raids were launched to burn villages
Operation Rolling Thunder involved a massive bombing campaign on North Vietnam by B52 Bombers
Operation Phoenix saw the CIA kill or capture suspected Vietcong and sympathetic civilians.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
guerilla warfare (launched surprise attacks before quickly disappearing)
use of the Ho Chi Minh trail to supply their armies
staying very close to the Americans so they could not use air or artillery backup without killing their own men (‘Hanging onto the belts’ of the Americans)
use of booby traps/landmines
mingling in with peasants to prevent identification
the Tet Offensive was an attack on South Vietnamese cities
Compare the views4 marks2018Q95The Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources C and D on the attitudes towards the strategic arms limitation treaties. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the attitudes towards the strategic arms limitation treaties.
By the 1970s both the Soviet Union and the United States were willing to make agreements with each other to limit weapons. Both countries believed that these treaties would limit the threat of nuclear destruction. There was a desire in both countries to save money rather than spending it on more weapons. There was a belief that arms reduction could lead to increased cooperation between the two superpowers.
Source D
In 1972 the SALT 1 Treaty limited the number of Anti-Ballistic Missiles and prevented the addition of more long range missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev did not care about how much this would cost. Many were concerned that agreements such as this would not reduce the threat of nuclear war. Both countries continued to view each other with suspicion and were reluctant to cooperate on areas such as joint space missions.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources disagree on the attitudes towards strategic arms limitation treaties.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: Both countries believed that these treaties would limit the threat of nuclear destruction.
Source D: Many were concerned that agreements such as this would not reduce the threat of nuclear war.
disagree
Source C: There was a desire in both countries to save money rather than spending it on more weapons.
Source D: Nixon and Brezhnev did not care about how much this would cost.
disagree
Source C: There was a belief that arms reduction could lead to increased cooperation between the two superpowers.
Source D: Both countries continued to view each other with suspicion and were reluctant to cooperate on areas such as joint space missions.
Describe5 marks2017Q72⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Describe the attitude of Hungarians to the Soviet Union by 1956.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
the Soviets were disliked because they denied democratic freedoms
many hated Soviet control (eg the activities of the secret police)
many disliked Soviet control of education
many were angry at the suppression of religion (eg the Catholic Church)
many resented the Red Army as foreign occupiers
people were disappointed that Soviet central control had stifled economic growth/lowered living standards
some Hungarians supported the Soviets as they were committed Communists
Explain5 marks2017Q73⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Explain the reasons why the Berlin Wall was built.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
to prevent East Germans moving to the West
to reduce the possibility of flashpoints in Berlin which could cause war
to limit Western spying
to stop the embarrassment of people appearing to choose Capitalism over Communism
to shore up support for Communism elsewhere in Eastern Europe
How fully6 marks2017Q74⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
How fully does Source A explain why many Americans opposed the war in Vietnam? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about American opposition to the war in Vietnam.
There were many in the United States who opposed joining the war in Vietnam from the beginning. They felt it was not America’s job to fight a war thousands of miles from home. Many remembered the Second World War and did not want a repeat of the casualties suffered in this conflict. By 1967, as many as 160 American soldiers were being killed every week. Some Americans opposed the conflict as they felt its huge cost meant the government was unable to spend money on health and housing.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
they felt it was not America’s job to fight a war thousands of miles from home
many remembered the Second World War and did not want a repeat of the casualties suffered in this conflict
by 1967, as many as 160 American soldiers were being killed every week
some Americans opposed the conflict as they felt its huge cost meant the government was unable to spend money on health and housing
Points of significant omission
many thought America was trying to suppress the democratic wishes of the Vietnamese people
many were uncomfortable supporting the corrupt South Vietnamese regime
the revelation of US involvement in atrocities such as the My Lai massacre caused unease
people were uncomfortable with aerial bombing of civilians
many felt the Vietcong had the support of the Vietnamese public
US media contributed to changing attitudes to the conflict
many afraid that the war was spreading to Laos, Cambodia etc
Compare the views4 marks2017Q75⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources B and C on the aims of the policy of Glasnost.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the policy of Glasnost.
At only 54 years of age, Mikhail Gorbachev, was a breath of fresh air for the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was most famous for his policies of Glasnost and Perestroika. His intention was to give a boost to the Soviet economy, which was performing badly. The aim of Glasnost was to allow open discussion of social and economic issues. Gorbachev hoped this would strengthen the Communist system.
Source C
Mikhail Gorbachev, who was appointed in 1985, was the last General Secretary of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was responsible for the policy of Glasnost. Gorbachev remained a committed Communist and hoped that Glasnost would increase support for the system. He wanted to find new solutions to problems by allowing people to express their views freely. Ultimately, the hope was that Glasnost could help strengthen the Soviet economy.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: The sources agree about the aims of the policy of Glasnost
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: His intention was to give a boost to the Soviet economy, which was performing badly
Source C: the hope was that Glasnost could help strengthen the Soviet economy
agree
Source B: The aim of Glasnost was to allow open discussion of social and economic issues
Source C: He wanted to find new solutions to problems by allowing people to express their views freely
agree
Source B: Gorbachev hoped this would strengthen the Communist system
Source C: Gorbachev remained a committed Communist and hoped that Glasnost would increase support for the system
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q72⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of why the Berlin Wall was built.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — is from a leaflet published by the East German Government in 1962.
We could no longer stand by and see so many of our doctors, engineers and skilled workers persuaded by corrupt methods to work in West Germany or West Berlin. These dirty tricks cost East Germany annual losses amounting to 3·5 thousand million marks. But we prevented something much more important with the Wall—West Berlin could have become the starting point for military conflict.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: East German government – Useful as it is a first-hand account
Type of Source: Leaflet – Useful as it is an attempt to justify the building of the Berlin Wall
Purpose: To persuade – Less useful as it is a propaganda leaflet
Timing: 1962 – Useful as it is from the time that the Wall was built
Points from the source
We could no longer stand by and see so many of our doctors, engineers and skilled workers persuaded by corrupt methods to work in West Germany or West Berlin – Useful as it is accurate (East Germany was concerned about losing population)
These dirty tricks cost East Germany annual losses amounting to 3.5 thousand million marks – Useful as it is accurate (East Germany was concerned about economic damage)
But we prevented something much more important with the Wall - West Berlin could have become the starting point for military conflict. – Useful as it is accurate (East Germany was concerned about military escalation)
Points of significant omission
West Berlin/Germany was attractive because it was more prosperous than the East
West Berlin/Germany was attractive because it had more democratic freedoms than the East
East Germans feared that open border in Berlin enabled the West to spy more easily
food shortages in 1960 in the East (following enforced collectivisation) added to the urge to leave
departures from the East made Communism look bad.
fear of what would happen in other East European states if exodus continued
How fully5 marks2016Q73⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
How fully does Source B explain the reasons for the Cuban missile crisis?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the Cuban missile crisis.
During the Cuban missile crisis it was said that the world held its breath. There was a crisis in Cuba because by the early 1960s the USA and the Soviet Union were bitter rivals. Many in the United States believed that the Soviet actions in Cuba provided proof of a determination to spread Communism all around the world. Cuba was very close to the American mainland and this explains why Americans were so concerned by events there. Both sides were afraid to back down in case they lost face.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
crisis in Cuba because by the early 1960s the USA and the Soviet Union were bitter rivals
many in the United States believed that the Soviet actions in Cuba provided proof of a determination to spread Communism all around the world
Cuba was very close to the American mainland and this explains why Americans were so concerned by events there
both sides were afraid to back down in case they lost face
Points of significant omission
Cuban leader Castro had formed a close alliance with the Soviet Union which alarmed the USA
Castro had angered American businesses by nationalising key industries
American spy planes revealed evidence of missile bases being constructed in Cuba
Soviet convoys carrying missiles to Cuba caused alarm
American public opinion would not accept the threat posed by Soviet missiles on the island.
fear in America that their country was falling behind in the Cold War
Kennedy was looking for an opportunity to take revenge after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion
Describe5 marks2016Q74⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Describe the differing American views on the Vietnam War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
many supported it as they believed America was defending freedom and democracy
many supported it as they believed it was the job of America to fight Communism
many supported it because of fear of the domino theory
many supported it as they believed it was a response to North Vietnamese aggression in the Gulf of Tonkin
unpopularity of the draft/the draft was disproportionate in taking poor Blacks
opposition to the war grew because of the media coverage of high casualties, lack of success etc
evidence of atrocities such as the My Lai massacre weakened support
anti-war protests and demonstrations grew
cost of the war led to growing opposition
some were concerned that the war was preventing social progress in America (eg Martin Luther King)
Explain5 marks2016Q75⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Explain the reasons why the USA and the Soviet Union followed a policy of détente after 1968.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
in the 1960s they came to the brink of nuclear war and wanted to avoid similar crises
Brezhnev felt the economic burden of the nuclear arms race was too great
the American economy was in financial trouble as a result of the Vietnam war/growing social unrest called for a reassessment of spending priorities
the Soviets hoped for better relations with Western Europe, perhaps detaching them from the USA
the Soviet leadership was terrified of a possible Sino-American alliance
both sides had achieved rough parity in nuclear arms so continuing an arms race seemed pointless
a state of mutually assured destruction (MAD) had been reached
both Brezhnev and Nixon thought that it would boost their domestic popularity
Brezhnev was intent on using a period of détente to prepare for Soviet expansion in the 1980s
To what extent8 marks2015Q68⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
To what extent was a difference in political beliefs the main reason for the development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1955?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Difference in political beliefs
a clash of political beliefs led to division - Capitalism v Communism
a multi-party system operated in the West, while the Soviet Union and its satellites were one party states which led to tension
the Soviets claimed that Western societies were run by the rich, while the Americans claimed the Eastern bloc countries were totalitarian dictatorships which led to mistrust
Military reasons
the Soviets were angry that the Americans had not shared nuclear technology with them
the Soviets believed the atom bomb was used against Japan so that America could bully other countries
suspicions were raised as each side raced to develop new technology, eg the H Bomb
NATO vs Warsaw Pact
The Berlin Blockade
tensions rose in Berlin as the wartime alliance between the Americans and the Soviets broke down
the Soviets closed routes into West Berlin in an attempt to force the Western powers to leave which upset the West
the Berlin airlift showed the determination of the Western powers to keep hold of West Berlin which annoyed the Soviets
the Blockade cemented division by leading to the creation of West and East Germany
Soviet actions in Eastern Europe
Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe and this caused tension
the Americans believed the Soviets had violated the Yalta agreement which annoyed the US
the Soviets claimed control of Eastern Europe was vital to stop future attacks on their homeland and resented Western interference
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q69⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons for the Hungarian revolution of 1956.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — Source A is from a newspaper article written by a British journalist, published on 23 October 1956.
Today I have seen a great event. I have watched the people of Budapest come out into the streets in rebellion against their Soviet masters. As I telephone this report I can hear the roar of crowds marching, shouting complaints against Russia. "Send the Red Army home," they roar. "We want free and secret elections." Leaflets demanding the sacking of the present Government are being thrown from trams into the crowds on the streets.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Journalist — useful because he was an eyewitness
Type of Source: Newspaper — more useful as it should accurately reflect opinion at the time/less useful because it only gives British view
Purpose: To inform/persuade — more useful as it gives a detailed account of events during the Hungarian revolution in 1956/less useful as he may exaggerate the level of support for the revolution
Timing: 23 October 1956 — useful because it dates from the time of the Hungarian revolution
Points from the source
Rebellion against their Soviet masters/Send the Red Army home — more useful as it is accurate, Soviet occupation was deeply unpopular
We want free and secret elections — more useful as it is accurate, people were tired of Communist/one party rule
Demanding the sacking of the present government — more useful as it is accurate, the old regime was associated with corruption
Points of significant omission
the Hungarian secret police were hated
many wanted repression of the Catholic Church to end
central control had stifled economic growth
Krushchev's move away from Stalinism led Hungarians to believe the Soviets would allow them to exercise more independence
many in Hungary believed the Americans would give support to their revolution
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Explain6 marks2015Q70⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Explain the reasons why America was unable to defeat the Vietcong.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
America was trying to supply a war 8,000 miles from home which made it very difficult for them
the Vietcong were able to make use of local knowledge/familiarity with the terrain which gave them a clear advantage
many Vietnamese gave shelter to the Vietcong/it was very difficult for the Americans to identify the enemy
the Vietcong were highly motivated as they were fighting to drive out invaders from their country
the morale of US soldiers was very low and this reduced their combat effectiveness
most Vietnamese wanted to see the defeat of the US and the corrupt South Vietnamese regime
the brutality of the Americans (eg My Lai Massacre) alienated the Vietnamese
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Explain5 marks2014Q1⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Explain the reasons why a Cold War developed after 1945.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
The only thing that kept them together was over – the Second World War
Disagreements at Potsdam eg over Poland
The Americans had developed the atomic bomb and this angered/worried the Soviet Union
Soviet troops were occupying most of Eastern Europe and this caused tension
Truman, the new American President was more anti-communist than Roosevelt
An arms race developed causing further tension
Different ideas – capitalism versus communism
The Soviets saw Marshall Aid as an American attempt to dominate Europe/Soviet satellites prevented from accepting Marshall Aid
Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949, deepened the divisions between East and West
The establishment of NATO by America and its allies in 1949 caused further division
Establishment of Warsaw Pact 1955 heightened tensions
The Soviets and the Americans involved on different sides in proxy wars eg Korea
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q2⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why Americans intervened in Vietnam?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about American intervention in Vietnam.
The Americans intervened in Vietnam for several reasons. In a speech in March 1947 President Truman explained that America would resist the spread of Communism. This became known as the Truman Doctrine. In the 1950s the Americans had responded to French requests for assistance in Vietnam by giving money to try to halt the Vietminh. By the early 1960s it was clear that South Vietnam could not resist Communism without the support of American troops. Many in America believed war was necessary to stop the spread of Soviet influence.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
President Truman explained that America would resist the spread of Communism
The Americans had responded to French requests for assistance in Vietnam
It was clear that South Vietnam could not resist Communism without the support of American troops
Many in America believed war was necessary to stop the spread of Soviet influence
Points of significant omission
America feared that a civil war was developing in South Vietnam.
America was increasingly concerned about the influence of China in south-east Asia
There was a widespread belief in the Domino Theory eg Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia even New Zealand and Australia could fall to communism
There was a general concern that America was falling behind in the Cold War at this time
Gulf of Tonkin incident led America to become involved in a full scale war in Vietnam.
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q3⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Compare the views of Sources B and C on the crisis in Berlin in 1961.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the crisis in Berlin in 1961.
There is peace in Berlin today. The source of world trouble and tension is Moscow, not Berlin. And if war begins, it will have begun in Moscow and not Berlin. For the choice of war or peace is largely theirs, not ours. It is the Soviets who have stirred up this crisis. It is they who are trying to force a change. They have rejected an all-German peace treaty and the rule of international law.
Source C
Sources B and C are about the crisis in Berlin in 1961.
We can now look back on the Berlin crisis and say with confidence that this crisis was caused by Moscow. It was the brutal Soviet-backed regime in East Germany which caused so many people to leave. The Soviet domination of East Germany was a clear breach of international law. The Soviets rejected an American proposal for a peace treaty which would have dealt with all of the issues in Germany.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree that the Soviets were at fault
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: The source of world trouble and tension is Moscow
Source C: We now say with confidence that this crisis was caused by Moscow.
agree
Source B: They have rejected an all-German peace treaty
Source C: The Soviets rejected an American proposal for a peace treaty
agree
Source B: It is they who have rejected ... the rule of international law.
Source C: The Soviet domination of East Germany was a clear breach of international law
Describe5 marks2014Q4⏳ Older formatThe Cold War, 1945–1989
Describe the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on international relations.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
Cuba stayed Communist/Castro's position strengthened as Kennedy promised not to invade
American missiles withdrawn from Turkey/Italy
Kennedy greatly improved his reputation in America and the West
Khrushchev was able to claim he prevented America from taking over Cuba, a useful ally so close to America
Krushchev seemed weak as American missiles removed in secret/led directly to Krushchev's fall 2 years later
Led to a thaw in the Cold War
‘Hot line’ set up between the White House and the Kremlin
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in 1963
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
