The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
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Explain6 marks2026Q51The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why castles were important in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q52The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent were the strengths of the Crusaders the main reason for the success of the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q53The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of what happened during the Battle of Hattin.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β is from a chronicle written by a Christian in 1187.
Now I shall tell you about King Guy de Lusignan and his host. The Christians were attacked by the Muslims as they left to help with the relief of Tiberias. As soon as the Crusader army no longer had access to water, Saladin ordered his archers to attack them from morning to midday. Saladin set fires so that the Christians could not go on to reach water. Soon after the battle, the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully6 marks2026Q54The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source B describe Richard Iβs military successes?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes Richard Iβs military successes.
When Richard arrived at the siege of Acre, he was greeted with even more rejoicing than had welcomed Philip. Pipes blared, wine was poured, and songs sung. Richard had brought 25 galleys and set up a tight naval blockade, starving the city. Richardβs ships captured Muslim money and equipment that he used to strengthen his army. He quickly got the Crusaders to build siege weapons to bring down the walls of Acre. Richard went on to personally lead the attack which eventually defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Arsuf.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Describe4 marks2025Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the role of knights in medieval society.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
served as professional soldiers in return for land
could pay money to lords instead of providing military service
were highly experienced in military affairs
trained for their role from childhood
followed a code of chivalry saying that they had to be brave and courteous
collected taxes from peasants who worked the knightsβ lands
Explain6 marks2025Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why people joined the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
some were motivated in response to a call from the Pope
many took the cross for religious reasons hoping to protect holy places
to protect other Christians from the threat of non-Christians
to make up for their sins to get guaranteed entry into heaven
to gain new lands and resources
to profit from plunder
to escape poverty and overcrowding in Europe
to escape poor harvests and disease
many were inspired by propaganda about the prospect of new lives in the holy land
to find purpose for younger sons who had few prospects
Compare the views4 marks2025Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
The Crusader victory in the First Crusade had a huge impact on the Holy Land. The Crusaders got lots of important help from other Christians who were settled near the Holy Land such as Alexius of Byzantium. The Crusaders benefited from Muslim disunity in the early stages of the First Crusade. There is no doubt that religious zeal drove the Crusaders to success in the First Crusade.
Source B
The divisions between Muslim lords played a key part in Crusader success, especially with the failure of the Muslims to declare a single leader. The Crusaders managed to inflict heavy casualties on the Muslim forces. The Crusaders were driven and inspired by religion, which helped them overcome hardships and succeed in the First Crusade. Help from the Byzantine Emperor in the early stages of the Crusades was vital for the Crusaders.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The Crusaders got lots of important help from other Christians who were settled near the Holy Land such as Alexius of Byzantium.
Source B: Help from the Byzantine Emperor in the early stages of the Crusades was vital for the Crusaders.
agree
Source A: The Crusaders benefitted from Muslim disunity in the early stages of the First Crusade.
Source B: The divisions between Muslim lords played a key part in Crusader success, especially with the failure of the Muslims to declare a single leader.
agree
Source A: There is no doubt that religious zeal drove the Crusaders to success in the First Crusade.
Source B: The Crusaders were driven and inspired by religion, which helped them overcome hardships and succeed in the First Crusade.
To what extent9 marks2025Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent was the shortage of peasants and soldiers the main problem facing Crusaders after the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Shortage of peasants and soldiers
Crusading states were always short of peasants, meaning they did not have enough labour
the Crusader army was very small after the Crusade, leaving areas unprotected
Muslim resistance
Muslim opposition to the Crusaders grew, threatening the Christians
Crusaders relied on Muslim co-operation within Crusader states, which was sometimes hard to maintain
Muslim opposition united under one leader, making their resistance more organised
the re-emergence of the idea of Jihad unified Muslim opposition, overwhelming Crusaders
Geographical factors
there was no natural border to the east of the Crusader states leaving them exposed
Europe was far away so reinforcements took a long time to arrive
it was time consuming to get vital supplies delivered
Crusader states lacked materials to build vital war machines, like wood for siege engines
Christian disunity
Christian lords argued among themselves about who should have the most power, weakening them
some important Crusaders returned to Europe after the Crusade, seeing its purpose being over
How fully6 marks2025Q50The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source C describe Richard I and Saladin?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes Richard I and Saladin.
Most writing on the events of the Third Crusade has focused on the characters of Richard I and Saladin. Saladin was always very aware of his Kurdish background and he was seen by some other Muslim leaders as an βoutsiderβ. Saladin was very ambitious and worked hard to improve his social standing, such as by marrying a woman of a higher class than him. Richard I was a highly experienced and capable warrior. He was also skilled in matters of military strategy and planning.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Saladin was always very aware of his Kurdish background, and he was seen by some other Muslim leaders as an βoutsiderβ. (Saladin was seen as βdifferentβ due to his Kurdish background.)
Saladin was very ambitious and worked hard to improve his social standing, such as by marrying a woman of a higher class than him. (Saladin chose a wife to improve his social standing.)
Richard I was a highly experienced and capable warrior. (Richard was an able fighter.)
He was also skilled in matters of military strategy and planning. (Richard had a strategic military mind.)
Points of significant omission
Saladin always presented an image of piety
Saladin was committed to the idea of Jihad
Saladin was a clear strategic thinker, for example, getting the Crusaders out of the Holy Land
Richard frequently fell out with other Crusader leaders
Richard was a flexible commander who used new and effective tactics to gain an advantage, for example, in keeping his army supplied
Richard was personally courageous and often fought alongside his soldiers
Describe4 marks2024Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the importance of castles in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
castles offered physical protection
castles allowed lords to control their lands
castles included a great hall, used by the lord to receive guests
castles were a symbol of a lord's power
castles acted as military bases
castles were a centre of law and justice
castles were economic centres, for example, markets
Compare the views4 marks2024Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources A and B about weapons and battle tactics.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about weapons and battle tactics.
The life of a knight was focused on the day when their skills could be used in battle. Knights often relied on gathering large armies to defeat their opponents. The main method of attack in battle was the use of heavy cavalry as shock troops to defeat opponents. Many armies fought in a highly organised formation with their archers at the back. This style of fighting was mostly based on European tactics and style of warfare.
Source B
Sources A and B are about weapons and battle tactics.
Armies often faced significant challenges when they were fighting battles in the Middle Ages. Heavily armed knights were rarely used to win battles as they were more often to be found on foot besieging castles. Some armies did not have time to get properly organised and so archers fought outwith their normal battle position. However, knights were often able to win battles despite being outnumbered by their opponents.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about weapons and battle tactics.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Knights often relied on gathering large armies to defeat their opponents.
Source B: However, knights were often able to win battles despite being outnumbered by their opponents.
disagree
Source A: The main method of attack in battle was the use of heavy cavalry as shock troops to defeat opponents.
Source B: Heavily armed knights were rarely used to win battles as they were more often to be found on foot besieging castles.
disagree
Source A: Many armies fought in a highly organised formation with their archers at the back.
Source B: Some armies did not have time to get properly organised and so archers fought outwith their normal battle position.
Explain6 marks2024Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why the First Crusade was a success.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Crusading ideal meant that Crusaders were motivated and determined
Crusading forces were more united than their opponents allowing them to work together
Crusading forces often consisted of experienced and professional soldiers
the Pope made sure that support for the Crusade was kept high back in Europe
Crusading armies were well led allowing them to win key battles
the Crusaders had support from allies helping them stay supplied
Muslim lands were often vulnerable and not well defended
Muslims were divided religiously so struggled to unite against the Crusaders
Muslim armies were not politically united so they couldn't gather as one force to defeat the Crusaders
How fully6 marks2024Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Crusaders lost the Battle of Hattin?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Crusaders lost the Battle of Hattin.
In 1187, the uneasy peace between the Muslim and Crusader forces had broken down, and they were again at war. Saladin was a skilled general who had worked out how to outwit the Crusaders. The Crusaders could not decide on their tactics and were divided between those who wanted to defend and those who wanted to attack. The Crusaders decided to march and meet the Muslim army, giving up their strong position. The Crusaders marched to battle in the July heat with little access to water.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Saladin was a skilled general who had worked out how to outwit the Crusaders. (Saladin had improved his tactics.)
The Crusaders could not decide on their tactics and were divided between those who wanted to defend and those who wanted to attack. (The Crusaders were divided, weakening their position.)
The Crusaders decided to march and meet the Muslim army, giving up their strong position. (The Crusaders made the mistake of giving up their strong position.)
The Crusaders marched to battle in the July heat with little access to water. (The Crusaders made the mistake of marching in the heat with little water.)
Points of significant omission
Crusader forces were weakened by constant attacks from Muslim archers
Saladin's troops hid the movement of their army by burning the grass near the Crusaders
the Muslim army was larger than the Crusader army
the Crusader knights and infantry were easier to destroy because they became separated
Crusaders had to surrender because they failed to break the Muslim lines
Crusaders lost because of weak leadership, for example, Guy de Lusignan
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q50The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of Richard I's military success.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D β is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2019.
Richard I took control of the Crusading forces after the unexpected death of the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa. Richard I was a trained and experienced military general with the skills needed to successfully lead soldiers in battle. It seems that he also had a natural talent for fighting and many sources praise his individual fighting skill. He was able to motivate the soldiers under his command through his courage and force of personality, leading to victories in battle.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they will be an expert on Richard's roles in the Crusades.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as it will have been well researched.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it is designed to give detailed information about Richard's military success.
Timing: 2019 β Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Richard I was a trained and experienced military general with the skills needed to successfully lead soldiers in battle. (Useful because it is accurate (he was a successful general).)
It seems that he also had a natural talent for fighting and many sources praise his individual fighting skill. (Useful because it is accurate (he was a successful fighter).)
He was able to motivate the soldiers under his command through his courage and force of personality, leading to victories in battle. (Useful because it is accurate (he did motivate soldiers).)
Points of significant omission
he secured bases in Sicily and Cyprus to support his attacks in the Holy Land
developed tactics in raiding and siege craft
military skill was proved when he fought through Muslim lands between Acre and Jaffa
won key battles like Arsuf
he developed tactics that allowed him to keep his army supplied
How fully6 marks2023Q51The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source A describe the weapons and battle tactics used by knights?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the weapons and battle tactics used by knights.
Knights captured a series of strategically important cities using a combination of siege tactics and speed. Many of these cities had large populations and were very well defended. Another tactic used by knights was that they sometimes divided their army, helping them to surround important cities and castles. The knights conducted long sieges of powerful cities to deny them food and supplies. They did not always rely on military strength to take castle walls. Sometimes the knights benefited from the treachery of castle commanders during battles.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Knights captured a series of strategically important cities using a combination of siege tactics and speed. (Knights quickly moved to capture important cities by siege tactics.)
Another tactic used by knights was that they sometimes divided their army, helping them to surround important cities and castles. (The knights split their army to surround the key cities and castles.)
The knights conducted long sieges of powerful cities to deny them food and supplies. (The knights used siege warfare to capture important cities.)
Sometimes the knights benefited from the treachery of castle commanders during battles. (The knights sometimes used defenders to help them capture cities.)
Points of significant omission
army tactics generally relied on heavily armoured knights
knights often tried to defeat opponents with powerful cavalry charges
knights sometimes fought on foot and were equipped with armour, shields, and hand weapons, for example, spears or swords
knights built siege engines to help them capture large, powerful castles
knights also built powerful fortresses to hold onto conquered land
knights were supplied from the sea from the port cities they captured
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q52The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the failure of the Peopleβs Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a letter written by an adviser to Emperor Alexius I in 1148
Source B is from a letter written by an adviser to Emperor Alexius I in 1148.
Despite a long and hard journey, the pilgrims of the Peopleβs Crusade were still so numerous that they threatened to swamp the Byzantine Empire. Alexius I asked Crusader knights to leave Byzantium because of poor discipline, which deprived them of money and supplies. The Crusaders were shipped to Nicomedia, where they received some supplies but they were still isolated. Peter the Hermit and the leadership of the Peopleβs Crusade were very inexperienced, putting the Crusade in great danger.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: an adviser of Emperor Alexius I (Useful as they were an eyewitness to the events of the Crusades.)
Type of Source: letter (Useful as it is an accurate account of her experience.)
Purpose: to record (Useful as it would aim to record the events connected to the Peopleβs Crusade.)
Timing: 1148 (Useful as written at the time of the Crusades.)
Content
Alexius I asked Crusader knights to leave Byzantium because of indiscipline, which deprived them of money and supplies. (Useful because it is accurate. (the Peopleβs Crusade was so violent that they were asked to leave Byzantium).)
The Crusaders were shipped to Nicomedia, where they received some supplies but they were still isolated. (Useful because it is accurate. (the Peopleβs Crusade was isolated when it left Byzantium).)
Peter the Hermit and the leadership of the Peopleβs Crusade were very inexperienced, putting the Crusade in great danger. (Useful because it is accurate. (the leadership of the Peopleβs Crusade was poor).)
Points of significant omission
they refused to wait for the more experienced Crusaders before marching on the Holy Land
faced a more powerful and experienced Muslim enemy
launched badly planned attacks, for example, the attack at Civetot in 1096
the Peopleβs Crusadeβs military leader (Walter Sans Avoir) was killed leaving the Crusade poorly led
Explain6 marks2023Q53The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why Saladin was able to unite the Muslims.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Saladin had a lot of military experience, for example, he was mentored by his uncle, who was a skilled military leader
Saladin got important jobs which allowed him to advance his own interests, for example, the high official (vizier) of Egypt
Saladin won early military victories which seemed to show God was on his side, for example, securing the pilgrimage route to Mecca
Saladin was able to gain total control over Egypt which made him very powerful in the Muslim world
other Muslim leaders gave Saladin a leadership role in Syria which gave him a powerful base to unite the Muslim world
attempts to attack or assassinate Saladin by other Muslim leaders were not successful
Saladin captured key cities making him more powerful, for example, Aleppo
Saladin won key military victories against the Crusaders which encouraged many Muslims to support his rule, for example, the Battle of Hattin in 1187
To what extent9 marks2023Q54(a)The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent were the weaknesses of Muslim forces the main reason for Richard Iβs military success?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Weaknesses of Muslim forces
Saladin was running low on money after many years fighting to hold his gains in the Holy Land
Saladinβs army was becoming less united, making it less effective in battle
Saladin was becoming old and ill, making him less able to resist the advances of the Crusaders
Richard Iβs leadership
Richard was in a position of sole leadership allowing him to direct Crusader forces as he wished
he was skilled at using diplomacy to try and secure Crusader gains in the Holy Land. For example, he tried to marry his sister Joan to Saladinβs brother
he was a skilful and brave battlefield leader, as seen in battles such as Jaffa
ruthless tactics. For example, he killed between 2,500 and 3,000 Muslim prisoners to demonstrate his resolve
Crusader advantages
Crusaders were able to secure Acre as a base that provided vital supplies and shelter
used modern technology like Greek fire and purpose-built siege engines to win battles
were well supplied by sea, allowing them to support advances into the Holy Land
Nature of the Crusader Army
it was very large. For example, Richardβs force was estimated to be around 15,000 strong, much bigger than preceding Crusader armies
it was very experienced as Richard paid higher wages than other Crusaders, allowing him to get the best troops
To what extent9 marks2023Q54(b)The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent were economic factors the main reason for the call of the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Economic factors
the Crusades presented a chance to annex profitable new lands
the Crusades offered the chance to gain valuable trading centres in the Eastern Mediterranean
the Crusades offered a chance to gain great wealth from sacking large and rich cities
Religious reasons
the Crusades were a chance to secure Christian pilgrimage routes to the Holy Land
the Crusades allowed Pope Urban II to reinforce the power/prestige of the Papacy
the Crusades offered the chance to capture Jerusalem from Muslim control
Political reasons
Pope Urban II wanted to enhance his own position
the Crusades offered a chance to check growing Muslim power
Christian unity
the Crusades allowed the Pope to try to unite the Orthodox and Catholic Church
the Pope felt compelled to launch a Crusade after calls for aid from Alexius I
Describe4 marks2022Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe a knightβs weapons and equipment.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
heavily armoured, for example, helmet and chainmail skirt
Knights wore a padded jacket, or jerkin
a shield, for example, round or kite, made of wood or metal
To what extent9 marks2022Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent was religion the main reason why Pope Urban II called the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Religion
the Pope stated that it was a holy duty to protect Christians in the East
wanted to protect Christian churches and shrines that had been damaged and/or destroyed
wanted to re-open and/or secure pilgrim routes to Jerusalem
the Pope wanted to direct the violence of European knights against Muslims rather than other Christians
Economic
desire to re-open trade routes with the East and increase money from trading
Crusade would allow money to be made from pilgrims, increasing wealth, for example, for the Church and nobility
Politics
wanted to unite the Christian Churches behind a popular Crusade
Pope wanted to increase his own power
Pope wanted to demonstrate power of the Christian Church to other European rulers, for example, Holy Roman Emperor
Threat of Islam
wanted to stop the spread of Islam into Europe, for example, Muslims already conquered parts of Spain
Byzantium had recently requested military aid from the West to halt the spread of Islam
Compare the views4 marks2022Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
There remains a lively debate as to why the Crusaders were able to win the First Crusade and recapture Jerusalem. The Muslim side was disadvantaged by significant religious and political divisions, making their efforts to resist the Crusaders less effective. However, that does not tell the whole story. The Crusaders also showed effective military planning and used their supplies well. They also benefited from very effective naval support.
Source B
The Crusaders enjoyed powerful support from the sea, which they used to help them win battles along the coast. They also managed to keep their supply lines open allowing them to be generally well supplied. However, it was not only the strength of the Crusaders that would help them win the First Crusade. There were significant divisions within the Muslim forces that made their military efforts to resist the Crusaders less successful.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the reasons for the success of the First Crusade.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The Muslim side was disadvantaged by significant religious and political division.
Source B: There were significant divisions within the Muslim forces that made their military efforts to resist the Crusaders less successful.
agree
Source A: The Crusaders also showed effective military planning and used their supplies well.
Source B: They also managed to keep their supply lines open allowing them to be generally well supplied.
agree
Source A: They also benefited from very effective naval support.
Source B: The Crusaders enjoyed powerful support from the sea, which they would use to help them win battles along the coast.
Explain6 marks2022Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why the Crusaders faced problems after the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Crusader army was so small that it was difficult to defend the land that had been captured
the Crusaders were constantly attacked by Muslims, costing men and supplies
the Crusader states were far apart from each other and so they were difficult to defend and/or supply
the land was infertile, so it was hard to grow crops
there was a lack of peasants to farm the land
there was a lack of important materials, for example, wood to build siege engines
the Crusaders did not have enough ships so could not capture coastal towns
the Crusaders were divided and so were not united against the Muslims
How fully6 marks2022Q50(a)The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source C describe the role of Richard I in the Third Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the role of Richard I in the Third Crusade.
Richard arrived with an effective fighting force that resupplied the Crusaders and enabled them to attack the city of Acre. His arrival resulted in great celebration from the other Crusaders. The tight naval blockade put in place by Richardβs Crusaders was successful and the people of Acre began to starve. Richard ordered the Crusaders to dig trenches around the city so that there was no hope of Saladin driving them away. Thanks to Richardβs leadership, Acre fell soon after his arrival.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Richard arrived with an effective fighting force that resupplied the Crusaders and enabled them to attack the city of Acre. (Richard led a force that allowed the Crusaders to attack Acre.)
The tight naval blockade put in place by Richardβs Crusaders was successful and the people of Acre began to starve. (Richard put in place an effective naval blockade of Acre.)
Richard ordered the Crusaders to dig trenches around the city so that there was no hope of Saladin driving them away. (Richard used tactics to maintain the siege at Acre.)
Thanks to Richardβs leadership, Acre fell soon after his arrival. (Richardβs leadership led to the capture of Acre.)
Points of significant omission
Richard led the English contingent in the Third Crusade
Richard raised large sums of money to finance the Crusade
Richard quarrelled with other military leaders
Richard showed effective military leadership, for example, when picking the right time to attack at Arsuf
Richard was a skilled and/or tough warrior, and even took part in battles when he was wounded and/or ill
How fully6 marks2022Q50(b)The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source D describe Saladinβs unification of the Muslims?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes Saladinβs unification of the Muslims.
Saladinβs ability to unify the Muslim world in resistance to the Frankish invaders has been an area of focus for historians. Saladin was ruthless in the way he used military conquest to build alliances between Muslim lords. Unlike the Crusaders, when Saladin conquered a Muslim region he respected local interests and allowed them to keep some traditions. He was then able to proclaim himself as leader of the military struggle against the infidels. The unification of Muslims in the 12th century has also been linked to a Muslim religious revival.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Saladin was ruthless in the way he used military conquest to build alliances between Muslim lords. (Saladin used his military victories to unite Muslims.)
When Saladin conquered a Muslim region he respected local interests and allowed them to keep some traditions. (Saladin allowed some local decision making in captured Muslim areas.)
He was then able to proclaim himself as leader of the military struggle against the infidels. (Saladin appointed himself leader of the military struggle against Crusaders.)
The unification of Muslims in the 12th century has also been linked to a Muslim religious revival. (Saladinβs unification of Muslims also included a renewed interest in the Muslim faith.)
Points of significant omission
Saladin used their common enemy, the Crusaders, to unite the Muslim lords
Saladin was in a position to unite Muslims thanks to a series of deaths allowing him to establish his own power
his victory in battle proved to Muslims that Saladin was an effective military commander
Saladin was a skilled diplomat and established pacts with other Muslim lords
Saladin used bullying and bribery to convince reluctant lords to side with him
Describe4 marks2021Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the role of a knight in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
knights received land from the barons and in return fought for the King on behalf of the barons
knights could pay money to their lord instead of providing military service (for example, Scutage)
the role of knights in war time was as mounted soldiers
the Code of Chivalry dictated that a Knight should be brave and fearless in battle but would also display knightly qualities showing themselves to be devout, courteous and generous
they lived on estates and supervised peasants, who were agricultural labourers
knights granted land to the serfs in return for food, money (taxes) and services
knights could guard the castles of a baron or the King
knights were expected to help the weak and vulnerable.
Explain6 marks2021Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why so many people joined the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many peasants and knights went to recapture the holy city of Jerusalem
Pope Urban II inspired many with his speeches
preachers such as Peter the Hermit encouraged many
many went for religious reasons (for example, to seek forgiveness for sins)
many younger knights went on crusade to gain their own lands
a Holy Crusade was seen as a religious duty (for example, Raymond of Toulouse)
many knights went to gain valuable military skills
many knights were encouraged to go to represent their families
many wanted to improve their lives (for example, peasants wanted better life)
many wanted to stop the spread of Islam through Europe (for example, in Spain).
How fully6 marks2021Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why the First Crusade was such a success?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains why the First Crusade was a success.
The Church helped support the Crusade by claiming that they were doing God's work thus motivating the Crusaders to victory. Leadership also helped the First Crusade to succeed as each army followed a clear chain of command. However, the success of the First Crusade was affected by attacks on Jewish people en-route to the Holy Land. A united European front made of large and organised armies of loyal Christians meant that the Crusade had more chance of success. Also, divisions in the Muslim world left them vulnerable.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Church helped support the Crusade by claiming that they were doing God's work thus motivating the Crusaders to victory
leadership also helped the First Crusade to success as each army followed a clear chain of command
a united European front made of large and organised armies of loyal Christians
also, divisions in the Muslim world left them vulnerable.
Points of significant omission
Crusaders used effective tactics to defeat the Muslims (for example, the use of siege engines at Jerusalem)
Crusading knights were militarily superior (for example, the use of the knights charging at Antioch)
Muslim communities often paid the crusaders rather than fighting them
Muslims often fought against each other
Crusaders had better leaders (for example, Bohemond of Taranto and Raymond of Toulouse)
the Crusaders received help from Emperor Alexius (for example, provided additional soldiers/supplies at Constantinople).
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the long-term problems faced by the Crusaders after the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010
Source B is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010.
The Crusaders could not rely on using the local population in their armies as they were mostly Muslim and had no training anyway. Despite this, the states did well for a number of years and held onto the gains they had made. However, the employment of mercenaries depended on money available which was not always as easy to find for some of the states. The squabbles between kings, knights, and barons made Christian agreements more difficult to achieve.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful as they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because the issue would have been researched thoroughly.
Purpose (to inform): Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about long term problems faced by Crusader States.
Timing (2010): Useful as it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The Crusader States could not rely on using the local population in their armies as they were mostly Muslim and had no training anyway. (Useful as it is accurate that there was no access to lots of knights.)
The employment of mercenaries depended on money available which was not always as easy to find for some of the states. (Useful as it is accurate that many had to rely on the use of mercenaries and pay for them.)
The squabbles between Kings, knights, and Barons made Christian agreements more difficult to achieve. (Useful as it is accurate that the four states found it difficult to agree to a strategy.)
Points of significant omission
2 factions meant it was difficult for Crusader states to agree (for example, the doves and the hawks)
Muslims started to unite against the Crusaders (for example, Nur al-Din in 1146)
Christians were outnumbered by Muslims in the Crusader States by five to one
the land was infertile, so it was difficult to grow crops.
Compare the views4 marks2021Q50The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources C and D about Richard I's military successes in the Third Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about Richard I's military successes in the Third Crusade.
Richard's leadership of the Third Crusade received admiration from Christian and Muslim alike. Richard showed great military tactics in forcing Saladin into signing a peace treaty. Many believe that Richard brought new energy to the Crusades which gained the respect of his soldiers. Also despite not being able to capture Jerusalem, Richard's campaign was considered successful because evidence shows that this was never his main aim.
Source D
Twice Richard led his forces to within a few miles of Jerusalem, but the recapture of the city did not happen. Many Crusaders thought that Richard's leadership of the Third Crusade was a failure as he was unsuccessful in taking Jerusalem. Richard argued with Phillip II of France and Leopold V of Austria who did not like his leadership. Richard had to resort to making peace with Saladin which left many questioning his military skills.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about Richards military successes
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: Richard's leadership of the Third Crusade received respect from Christian and Muslim alike.
Source D: Richard argued with Phillip II of France and Leopold V of Austria who did not like his leadership.
disagree
Source C: Richard showed great military tactics in forcing Saladin into a peace treaty.
Source D: Richard had to resort to making peace with Saladin which left many questioning his military skills.
disagree
Source C: Also, despite not being able to capture Jerusalem, Richard's campaign was considered successful because evidence shows that this was never his main aim.
Source D: Many Crusaders thought that Richard's leadership of the Third Crusade was a failure as he was unsuccessful in taking Jerusalem.
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source A describe the importance of castles in the twelfth century? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the importance of castles in the twelfth century.
During Henry IIβs reign, castles were built of stone and with extra walls and towers. These castles became a key symbol of power. They were also the administrative centres of each town. The numerous rooms inside a castle meant that it was an ideal base for the local garrison carrying out guard duty. During the civil war many castles had been built illegally. There was no doubt however that they were useful during times of attack when food, drink and other supplies could be stored there.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
castles became a key symbol of power
were also the administrative centres of each town
an ideal base for the local garrison carrying out guard duty
during times of attack when food, drink and other supplies could be stored there.
Points of significant omission
castles were used as a court where local law was enforced
castles were used to defend and protect the lordβs lands and the people who lived on them
used as a home for the lordβs family
centre of entertainment eg feasts and banquets
peasantsβ taxes would be paid in produce and this was often stored in the grounds of the castle
castles were used as a place to keep criminals/prisoners.
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources B and C about what happened to Jews during the First Crusade. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C describe what happened to Jewish communities during the First Crusade.
After a few weeks of travelling, Peter the Hermit and his followers came upon a Jewish community. Many Crusaders were poor and hungry so they began stealing food and possessions from the Jews. As the Crusaders thought the Jews were the enemy of Christ, most believed they could treat them as they wished. Some forced the Jews to change religion and become Christian. Others, against the orders of Peter the Hermit, slaughtered the Jews.
Source C
A rumour spread among the Crusaders that whoever killed a Jew would have all their sins forgiven. Immediately, Peter the Hermitβs army began attacking and killing Jewish men, women and children. Although some Jews tried to fight back they had few weapons and were easily defeated. In the riot that followed, Jewish houses were robbed and valuables stolen. Those Jews who survived the massacre were forced to give up their faith and become Christians.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall - the sources agree about what happened to Jews during the First Crusade.
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Many Crusaders were poor and hungry so they began stealing food and possessions from the Jews.
Source C: (In the riot that followed) Jewish houses were robbed and valuables stolen.
agree
Source B: Some forced the Jews to change religion and become Christian.
Source C: Those Jews who survived the massacre were forced to give up their faith and become Christians.
agree
Source B: Others, against the orders of Peter the Hermit, slaughtered the Jews.
Source C: Immediately Peter the Hermitβs army began attacking and killing Jewish men, women and children.
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent were Muslim divisions the main reason for the success of the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Muslim divisions
Muslims refused to join together and only thought of their own land
Muslims frequently fought against each other so weakening their cause
a Muslim was bribed to let the Crusaders into Antioch
Muslim communities didnβt attack the Crusaders/gave them money to keep the peace.
Crusadersβ military advantages
Crusaders had effective leaders in Bohemond of Taranto and Raymond of Toulouse who were experienced knights/both men were involved in key victories eg Antioch /Jerusalem
Crusaders used effective tactics to defeat the Muslims eg siege towers used at Jerusalem
the knights were militarily superior to the Muslim forces eg the knightsβ tactics of charging at Dorylaeum/Antioch secured victory.
Crusading ideals
many Christians believed that it was their duty to recapture Jerusalem/believed they were doing Godβs work
Crusaders were inspired by the promise that all their sins would be forgiven if they took part in the Crusade.
Support for Crusaders
the Crusaders received help from Italian ports eg cities such as Pisa/Genoa/Venice supplied timber for siege machines
the Crusaders received help from Emperor Alexius eg provided Crusaders with additional soldiers/supplies at Constantinople
secured important trade routes ensuring Crusaders had access to vital supplies.
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why the Crusaders lost control of Jerusalem in 1187.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Crusaders were divided eg Guy de Lusignan and Reynald of Chatillon hated each other
Crusaders had different ideologies towards the Muslims eg the Hawks and the Doves
death of Baldwin IV meant that Jerusalem did not have a strong ruler
King Guy made a tactical error by leaving Jerusalem with the Crusader army
Crusaders were defeated at the Battle of Hattin where most of the nobility were taken prisoner, including King Guy
Crusaders lacked resources to defend Jerusalem once the army was defeated
when a portion of the wall was mined, it collapsed and the Crusaders were unable to push Saladinβs troops back from the breach
by the end of September there were only a few dozen knights and a handful of remaining men-at-arms capable of bearing arms and defending the wall
Muslims were united under Saladinβs leadership making them stronger
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ50The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the Battle of Jaffa in 1192.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
In July 1192 Saladin laid siege to the town of Jaffa
Saladinβs soldiers successfully stormed the walls after three days of bloody clashes
the Crusaders however held out in Jaffaβs citadel
Richard gathered a small army (of knights, a few hundred infantrymen, and about 2,000 crossbowmen) and led them into battle
The Muslim army panicked at the sudden attack/fled the city in disarray
Saladin launched a counter attack on Jaffa
Richard ordered the infantry and knights to form a defensive hedge of spears, with the crossbowmen behind
Saladinβs cavalry repeatedly charged but suffered heavy casualties so he ordered it to withdraw.
Explain6 marks2019Q51The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why knights were important in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
knights were an essential part of the King's army
knights carried out key military duties (for example castle guard)
knights protected the Church/clergy (for example Crusade)
Orders of Knights protected pilgrims (for example the Knights Templars)
knights protected the weak and vulnerable in society (for example elderly/children/women)
knights provided land for peasants in the feudal system
some Knights were members of a jury and so enforced law and order
knights were role models and were required to set an example on how to behave
To what extent9 marks2019Q52The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent was Muslim Disunity the main reason for the success of the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Muslim Disunity
the Crusaders captured Nicaea because Kilij Arslan was away fighting other Muslims (for example The Danishmends)
at Antioch the Crusaders bribed a Muslim who let them into the city (Firouz)
Muslim forces refused to attack together at Antioch (for example Ridwan of Aleppo/Duqaq of Damascus)
Kerbogha's men deserted him and fled the battlefield at Antioch
the Seljuk Turks did not attempt to recapture Jerusalem because they had land disputes to settle with other Muslim groups elsewhere
Crusading Ideal
the Crusaders were inspired to victory by the discovery of the Holy Lance at Antioch
the Crusaders were inspired by a Crusader's vision at Jerusalem and recaptured the city
Aid from Emperor Alexius
Emperor Alexius gave the Crusaders essential supplies at Constantinople for their journey
Emperor Alexius provided the Crusaders with boats at Nicaea which allowed them to capture the city
Military Skills
the Crusaders demonstrated their successful military skills throughout the Crusade (for example Bohemond held off Muslims at Dorylaeum/Crusaders charged at the Muslims at Antioch)
Aid from Italian cities
Italian cities provided timber for the siege towers used at Jerusalem (for example Genoa)
Italian cities opened trade routes which supported the Crusaders in the east
How fully6 marks2019Q53The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source A describe the fall of Jerusalem in 1187?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the fall of Jerusalem in 1187.
In 1186 Baldwin V died and Guy of Lusignan became King of Jerusalem. After victory at the Battle of Hattin the Muslim army under Saladin was free to target Jerusalem. Due to the significant lesson at Hattin there were few knights left to defend the city. The Muslim army completely surrounded the city. Faced with overwhelming odds the crusading army was forced to surrender.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
after the victory at the Battle of Hattin the Muslim Army under Saladin was free to target Jerusalem
due to the significant lesson at Hattin there were few knights left to defend the city
the Muslim Army completely surrounded the city
faced with overwhelming odds the crusading army was forced to surrender
Points of significant omission
the Muslims had captured key ports and castles
the Muslims used mangonels, crossbows and arrows to attack Jerusalem
the Muslims undermined part of the city wall
Saladin allowed Jerusalem to surrender peacefully
Crusaders who could pay a ransom were allowed to go free
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q54The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Saladin's character.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a chronicle written by a Muslim in 1192
Source B is from a chronicle written by a Muslim in 1192.
By 1187 Saladin had recaptured several cities. Instead of slaughtering the Crusaders left inside the cities, Saladin often promised to be merciful. Every Crusader was usually given the chance to buy their freedom and leave without being harmed. When his army complained he had let the enemy go free, Saladin said he would not break his promise and sent his soldiers back to their camp. The Crusaders were amazed at Saladin's generosity, especially when he provided them with food and water for their journey.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: a Muslim. Useful because he had first-hand knowledge/would have been well placed to receive information.
Type of Source: chronicle. Useful as they tend to be detailed.
Purpose: to inform/record. Useful because it gives a full description of Saladin's character/less useful as it may be biased.
Timing: 1192. Useful as it was written at the time of the Crusades.
Content: Saladin often promised to be merciful. Useful because it is accurate (Saladin did treat his enemies with mercy).
Content: Saladin said he would not break his promise. Useful because it is accurate (Saladin was an honourable character).
Content: The Crusaders were amazed at Saladin's generosity especially when he provided them with food and water for their journey. Useful because it is accurate (Saladin did give supplies to the Crusaders).
Points of significant omission
Saladin was a good negotiator (for example forced Richard I to dismantle Ascalon before a truce could be signed)
Saladin could be ruthless (for example killed Muslim rivals)
Saladin respected some of the Crusaders (for example Richard I)
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q46The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the use of castles in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian, published in 1960.
Castles became very important during the 11th century. Most castles were built to defend a location and so were usually made of stone and reinforced with high walls. Inside a castle were many rooms including a keep and a Great Hall, where weddings and feasts were held to celebrate special occasions. Castles were often uncomfortable with little warmth or light. Despite this, castles provided a place for knights to stay when carrying out guard duty for their lord.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historian β Useful as he is a well-informed expert.
Type of source
Textbook β Useful because it will have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose
To inform β Useful as it gives detailed information/a balanced account.
Timing
1960 β Useful as it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Most castles were built to defend a location β Useful as it is accurate (castles were used mainly for protection).
Castles had a Great Hall, where weddings and feasts were held to celebrate special occasions β Useful as it is accurate (Great Halls were used to entertain).
Castles provided a place for knights to stay when carrying out guard duty for their lord β Useful as it is accurate (most castles had barracks used by knights/soldiers).
Points of significant omission
castles were used as a home by the king/lord
Great Hall used as a court to try criminals
castles had a store room for supplies (eg crops)
castles were used as an administrative centre from which to control the surrounding land/village.
Explain6 marks2018Q47The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why Emperor Alexius and the Crusaders had a difficult relationship during the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
the People's Crusade had behaved badly whilst in the Byzantine Empire and Byzantine troops had attacked them
the Crusaders blamed Emperor Alexius for the failure of the People's Crusade
some Crusaders were unhappy Emperor Alexius had forced them to take an oath of loyalty/to give back any land they captured
Emperor Alexius withheld supplies until the oath was taken, angering the Crusaders
the Crusaders felt betrayed by Emperor Alexius when he negotiated with the Muslims inside Nicaea/took the city behind the Crusaders' backs
Baldwin broke his oath/took Edessa which upset Emperor Alexius
Emperor Alexius did not arrive at Antioch to help the Crusaders when they were besieged by the Muslims
Bohemond broke his oath/kept Antioch for himself angering Emperor Alexius.
How fully6 marks2018Q48The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source B describe the capture of Antioch in 1098? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the capture of Antioch in 1098.
The Crusaders had not been at Antioch for long when they heard the news that Kerbogha's army was on its way to attack them. Bohemond, desperate to keep Antioch for himself, bribed a Muslim guard who agreed to let the Crusaders into the city. In the middle of the night, sixty of Bohemond's men scaled the city walls. Quickly they reached the battlements and captured three towers. Before the Muslims could react, the two main gates were opened and the rest of the Crusader army rushed in.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Bohemond bribed a Muslim guard who agreed to let the Crusaders into the city
in the middle of the night, 60 of Bohemond's men scaled the city walls
quickly they reached the battlements and captured three towers
the two main gates were opened and the rest of the Crusader army rushed in.
Points of significant omission
the Crusaders appeared to withdraw to give the defenders a false sense of security
the Crusaders used ropes/ladders to climb the walls
the Crusaders slaughtered the inhabitants of the city
native Christians inside the city joined the Crusaders in the attack
Describe4 marks2018Q49The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe what happened at the Battle of Hattin in 1187.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the Crusaders were trapped at Hattin and cut off from any water supplies
Saladin surrounded the Crusaders with burning brushwood and dry grass, blinding them
the Muslim cavalry attacked the Crusaders with arrows
some Crusaders broke through the Muslim lines but were then cut off from the main army and forced to retreat
many Crusaders were killed in battle/others were captured
the Knights Templars/Hospitallers were singled out for execution
other Crusaders were sold into slavery
King Guy was forced to surrender/taken prisoner by Saladin.
Compare the views4 marks2018Q50The Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the relationship between Saladin and the Muslims. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the relationship between Saladin and the Muslims.
When Saladin captured Jerusalem, he ended nearly 100 years of Christian control of the city. Despite this, many Muslims were unhappy with Saladin's leadership and were close to leaving his army. Saladin had been out-fought by the Crusaders at Arsuf and the Muslims believed his poor tactics at Jaffa had cost them victory. Saladin also upset the Muslims at Jerusalem by showing mercy to the Crusaders and refusing to kill them.
Source D
Thousands of Muslims from Syria and Egypt flocked to join Saladin's forces. Saladin was so highly respected by the Muslims that even when he let the Crusaders go free at Jerusalem, not one Muslim complained. Although reinforcements arrived from Europe to help the Crusaders, Saladin was not concerned. At Jaffa Saladin successfully held off an attack led by Richard I and saved the grateful Muslims from defeat.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources disagree about the relationship between Saladin and the Muslims.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: Many Muslims were unhappy with Saladin's leadership and were close to leaving his army.
Source D: Thousands of Muslims from Syria and Egypt flocked to join Saladin's forces.
disagree
Source C: Saladin had been out-fought by the Crusaders at Arsuf and the Muslims believed his poor tactics at Jaffa had cost them victory.
Source D: At Jaffa Saladin successfully held off an attack led by Richard I and saved the grateful Muslims from defeat.
disagree
Source C: Saladin also upset the Muslims at Jerusalem by showing mercy to the Crusaders and refusing to kill them.
Source D: Saladin was so highly respected by the Muslims that even when he let the Crusaders go free at Jerusalem, not one Muslim complained.
Compare the views4 marks2017Q36β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Pope Urban IIβs call for the First Crusade in 1095.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Pope Urban IIβs speech in 1095.
In 1095, Pope Urban II held a meeting in France. At the meeting, the Pope said that Jerusalem must be recaptured and protection given to Christian churches and shrines there. The Pope warned that every Christian in the west must fight or the Muslims could advance into Europe. He appealed to the knights to stop their violent behaviour towards each other and use their military skills against Godβs enemy in the east.
Source B
Pope Urban IIβs speech at Clermont shocked all those who heard it. The Pope said a Christian army must be called to stop the Muslims before they captured every city they attacked. Pope Urban told the knights of Europe to stop fighting amongst each other and unite against the infidel. The Pope said Jerusalem was the most important city in the world and that it must be taken back from the Muslims.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: Sources A and B agree that the Pope called the First Crusade in 1095
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The Pope said that Jerusalem must be recaptured.
Source B: The Pope said Jerusalem was the most important city in the world and it must be taken back from the Muslims.
agree
Source A: The Pope warned that every Christian in the west must fight or the Muslims could advance into Europe.
Source B: The Pope said a Christian army must be called to stop the Muslims before they captured every city they attacked.
agree
Source A: He appealed to the knights to stop their violent behaviour towards each other and instead use their military skills against Godβs enemy in the east.
Source B: Pope Urban told the knights of Europe to stop fighting amongst each other and unite against the infidel.
How fully6 marks2017Q37β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Jerusalem was difficult to capture in 1099? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains why Jerusalem was difficult to capture in 1099.
The Crusadersβ joy at reaching Jerusalem did not last long. The Muslims were well prepared for an attack and had strengthened the wall around the city. As well as this, the Muslims had collected the harvest early and had enough food to last for several months. The Crusaders attacked Jerusalem but the Muslims fought back and forced them to retreat. The Crusaders did not have scaling ladders or siege machines and so could not launch another attack until supplies arrived from Europe.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Muslims were well prepared/had strengthened the wall around the city
the Muslims had collected the harvest early and had enough food to last for several months/expected a long siege
the Muslims fought back and forced the Crusaders to retreat
the Crusaders did not have scaling ladders or siege machines/required supplies from Europe
Points of significant omission
the Muslims had poisoned/drained the local water wells and so the Crusaders had no water
Christians had been expelled from the city so the Crusaders did not have any allies inside Jerusalem
the city was built on slopes so could not be attacked from all angles
the city wall was strengthened by a large citadel/Davidβs Tower which made an attack difficult
Explain5 marks2017Q38β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why the Crusaders had problems after the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
the Crusader army was small (many Crusaders had returned to Europe) and so it was difficult to defend the Crusader states/Latin states
the Crusaders were constantly attacked by Muslims and so lost more soldiers/supplies
the Crusader states/Latin States were far apart and so were difficult to defend
the land was infertile so it was difficult to grow crops
there was a lack of peasants so there was no one to farm the land
the Crusaders did not have key supplies eg timber and so could not build siege machines
the Crusaders did not have enough boats needed to capture the coastal towns
the Crusaders fought among themselves and so were not united against the Muslims
Describe5 marks2017Q39β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the Battle of Arsuf in 1191.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
the Muslims attacked the Crusaders with darts and arrows
the Muslims attempted to draw the Crusaders from their defensive position
the Crusaders held their defensive line
the Muslim army grew tired
the Crusaders charged at the Muslims
many Muslims were killed/high number of casualties in the Muslim army
Describe5 marks2016Q36β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the role of a knight in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
knights were expected to fight for the king
knights were expected to carry out castle guard duty
knights were expected to fight for the Church/protect the clergy
orders of knights protected pilgrims (eg the Knights Templar)
knights were expected to protect the weak and vulnerable in society (eg elderly, children)
knights were part of the feudal system providing land for peasants to cultivate
knights enforced law and order/were members of a jury in some countries
knights were expected to be role models/to live by the Code of Chivalry
Explain5 marks2016Q37β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why the Peopleβs Crusade failed.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Peter the Hermit was a poor military leader
belief in the righteousness of their cause made them overconfident
the peasants were not trained soldiers/accompanied by wives, children, even the elderly
the peasants had few weapons
the peasants ran out of supplies/money whilst travelling across Europe
the peasants were ill-disciplined on their journey (eg treatment of the Jews making communities unwilling to help them)
the peasants ignored Emperor Alexiusβ advice to wait for the main Crusader army
the peasants split into different groups and elected their own leaders/Peter the Hermit was cast aside
peasants were lured into an ambush by spies
the peasants were defeated by Muslim forces/most were killed/supplies lost
How fully5 marks2016Q38β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source A describe Muslim disunity during the First Crusade?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes Muslim disunity.
After capturing Antioch, the Crusader army had an easy march south. Local Muslim communities did not attack the Crusaders and some even gave them money to keep the peace. Unwilling to end their bitter rivalries, the Muslim leaders refused to join together and thought only of their own land. By the time the Crusaders reached Jerusalem, the Seljuk Turks had been defeated by an Egyptian force and had lost the city. The Egyptians asked for help but no Muslim armies came to their aid.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Muslim communities did not attack Crusaders/gave them money to keep the peace
refused to join together and thought only of their own land
Seljuk Turks had been defeated by Egyptian forces and lost the city
Egyptians asked for help but no Muslim armies came to their aid
Points of significant omission
the Crusaders captured Nicaea because Kilij Arslan was away fighting other Muslims (eg The Danishmends)
at Antioch the Crusaders bribed a Muslim who let them into the city eg Firouz
Kerbogha arrived late to Antioch because he spent time trying to protect his own land first (eg attacked Edessa)
Muslim forces refused to attack together at Antioch (eg Ridwan of Aleppo/Duqaq of Damascus)
Kerboghaβs men fled the battlefield at Antioch
Turks did not attempt to recapture Jerusalem because they had land disputes to settle with other Muslim groups elsewhere.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q39β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the Battle of Hattin.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β is from a chronicle written by a Crusader in 1187.
Desperate to help the Christians in Tiberias, King Guy gathered a large Crusader army and left for the city. Whilst on their way, the Crusaders were constantly attacked by Saladinβs men. Exhausted by their journey, King Guy made a terrible mistake and made camp near Hattin. Without water and supplies the Crusaders could neither carry on nor turn back. Saladinβs army surrounded the Crusadersβ camp and slaughtered nearly all those inside.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: A Crusader β Useful because he has first-hand experience/eyewitness
Type of Source: Chronicle β Useful because it was a well-researched record of events in the East
Purpose: To record/blame King Guy for the defeat β Useful because it provides a detail account of the battle/less useful as it may be biased
Timing: 1187 β Useful because it was written at the time of the Battle of Hattin
Points from the source
Crusaders constantly attacked by Saladinβs army β Useful because it accurately explains why the Crusaders tired
King Guy made a terrible mistake and made camp near Hattin β Useful because it accurately describes the error made by the Crusaders
Saladinβs army surrounded the Crusadersβ camp and slaughtered nearly all those inside β Useful because it accurately describes what happened in the battle.
Points of significant omission
Saladinβs army set fire to the grass around the Crusadersβ camp
not all Crusaders agreed with the march to Tiberias (eg Roland of Tripoli)
Saladinβs army captured some Crusaders as prisoners
Saladinβs army captured a shard of the True Cross
Saladin spared the life of King Guy and some other Christian lords
repeated charges by mounted Crusaders against Muslim lines failed
To what extent8 marks2015Q41β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
To what extent did Pope Urban II call for the First Crusade for religious reasons?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, with knowledge being organised in support of different factors.
1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Religious
the Pope stated that it was the duty of every Christian to help their brothers in the east
wanted to protect Christian churches and shrines which had been damaged or destroyed
wanted to re-open pilgrim routes to Jerusalem
Political
wanted to heal the schism/unite the Christian Churches
wanted to increase his own power/become head of a united Church
wanted to demonstrate power of the Church to European rulers eg Dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor
Economic
wanted to re-open trade routes with the east
wanted to make money from pilgrims again
Threat of Islam
wanted to stop the spread of Islam in Europe eg Muslims had already conquered part of Spain
Explain6 marks2015Q42β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why the Crusaders lost control of Jerusalem in 1187.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Crusaders were divided eg Guy de Lusignan and Reynald of Chatillon hated each other
Crusaders had different ideologies towards the Muslims eg the Hawks and the Doves
death of Baldwin IV meant that Jerusalem did not have a strong ruler
King Guy made a tactical error by leaving Jerusalem with the Crusader army
Crusaders were defeated at the Battle of Hattin
Crusaders lacked resources to defend Jerusalem once army defeated
Muslims were united under Saladin's leadership making them stronger
Saladin's army outnumbered the Crusaders.
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q43β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the massacre at Acre.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β Source A is from a chronicle written by a Crusader in 1191.
Despite his promises, Saladin did not pay the ransom agreed for the Muslim hostages and did not return the True Cross to the Crusaders. Instead, Saladin attempted to trick King Richard, sending him gifts and treasures. He hoped that Richard would release the Muslims for free. Eventually King Richard grew tired of Saladin. The next morning the king ordered the Muslims to be led out of the city and beheaded.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Crusader β Useful because he was an eyewitness to events
Type of Source: Chronicle β Useful because it was a well-researched record of events
Purpose: To persuade people that Richard's actions were justifiable β Less useful as clearly biased/author may have exaggerated when describing Saladin's behaviour
Timing: 1191 β Useful because it was at the time of the Third Crusade
Points from the source
Saladin did not pay the ransom agreed for the Muslim hostages/did not return the True Cross to the Crusaders β Useful because it provides accurate details of the negotiations between Richard and Saladin
Saladin attempted to trick King Richard, sending him gifts and treasures/he hoped that Richard would release the Muslims for free β Less useful because it may have exaggerated Saladin's responsibility for the massacre
The next morning the king ordered the Muslims to be led out of the city and beheaded β Useful because it provides accurate details of the massacre
Points of significant omission
nearly 3,000 Muslim men, women and children were killed
some Muslims were beaten
some Muslims were killed with an axe or a lance
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left)
Describe5 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Describe the use of castles in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant point of knowledge
a second mark should be given for any point that is developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
Castles used as a home
Castles used for protection/defence against an enemy eg control of river crossings
Castles were used as barracks for knights
Castles were a symbol of power/wealth
Castles were administrative centres
Castles were used to hold courts
Castles were used to store food
Castles held feasts
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain5 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Explain the reasons why people joined the First Crusade.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
Inspired by the Pope's speech/preachers such as Peter the Hermit
To recapture Jerusalem/free eastern Christians from Muslim rule
Religious motives/desire to fulfil Christian duty to God eg Raymond of Toulouse
To have sins forgiven/to be able to enter heaven in the afterlife
To gain land eg younger sons or those disinherited eg Bohemond of Taranto/Baldwin of Boulogne
Peer pressure/to represent a family eg Hugh of Vermandois/Stephen of Blois
Military skills/to fight in battle with the Church's blessing eg Tancred wanted to escape the limitations of the Peace of God movement
Social mobility eg peasants wanted better life/βland of milk and honeyβ
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
How fully does Source A describe the relationship between Emperor Alexius and the Crusaders?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the relationship between Emperor Alexius and the Crusaders.
Emperor Alexius was horrified when the Crusader knights arrived at Constantinople. Fearing they would attack his city, Alexius made the Crusaders camp outside and only allowed them to enter in small groups. In a desperate attempt to take charge of the army, Alexius offered treasure and supplies to the Crusaders who agreed to fight for him. Any Crusader who refused was attacked and forced to surrender. Although Alexius had asked the Pope for knights he did not trust them and made plans to remove them from Constantinople.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
Alexius feared they would attack his city/made them camp outside the city and only allowed them to enter in small groups
Offered treasure and supplies to Crusaders who agreed to fight for him
Any Crusader who refused was attacked and forced to surrender
Alexius did not trust the Crusaders/made plans to remove them from Constantinople
Points of significant omission
Crusaders blamed Alexius for the failure of the People's Crusade
Made Crusaders take an oath of loyalty/made Crusaders take an oath they would capture land for him
Provided the Crusaders with a guide/troops/supplies
Provided the Crusaders with boats to blockade Nicaea
Negotiated with the Muslims inside Nicaea/took the city behind the Crusaders' back
Baldwin broke his oath and captured Edessa
Alexius did not arrive at Antioch to help the Crusaders
Bohemond broke his oath and claimed Antioch
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q4β³ Older formatThe Cross and the Crescent: the Crusades, 1071β1192
Compare the views of Sources B and C as evidence of the character of Richard I.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the character of Richard I.
When the king of France left the Crusade, Richard vowed to fulfil his Christian duty and continue to Jerusalem. An excellent military commander, Richard used clever tactics to win key battles and drive the Muslims back. Richard had such a fearsome reputation that the Muslims dreaded facing him on the battlefield. Despite the danger involved Richard always fought alongside his men, courageously attacking the enemy.
Source C
Sources B and C are about the character of Richard I.
The Crusaders had been besieging Acre for two years before Richard arrived with his army. Richard immediately took charge of the attack and using his experience and leadership forced the city to surrender. Throughout the fighting Richard showed great bravery by defending his men and killing the enemy. When some Crusaders returned home, Richard refused to leave promising he would keep his oath to God and recapture Jerusalem.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree about the character of Richard I
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Vowed to fulfil his Christian duty
Source C: Promised he would keep his oath to God
agree
Source B: Excellent military commander who used clever tactics to win key battles
Source C: Used his experience and leadership to force the city to surrender
agree
Source B: Always fought alongside his men, courageously attacking the enemy
Source C: Richard showed great bravery by defending his men and killing the enemy
