Explain6 marks2026Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why the Fascists were able to appeal to many Italians up to 1925.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent9 marks2026Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How successful were Mussolini’s economic policies?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of what happened during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — is from a speech given by Abyssinian Emperor Haile Selassie in 1936.
No head of state has ever spoken to this assembly of the League of Nations before, but I feel I must do so now to inform you of these events. In October, Italy attacked us with troops moved from Eritrea and Somaliland. At the beginning of their attack Italian aircraft dropped bombs of tear gas on my armies. The Italians have also tried to use mustard gas but fortunately this tactic was not very effective. I ask that the world acts to stop this aggression.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully6 marks2026Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source B describe the use of fear and intimidation in the Fascist state?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the use of fear and intimidation in the Fascist state.
Mussolini’s aim was to secure complete Fascist control over Italian life. Squads of Blackshirts beat up the political rivals of the Fascists. The Blackshirts forced their enemies to drink castor oil mixed with petrol, which could cause serious illness or death. The Fascists arrested dozens of suspected mobsters in Sicily. Italians were encouraged to denounce their fellow citizens and so people were always cautious about what they said. Fascist tactics had much in common with those used in Nazi Germany.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Describe4 marks2025Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Describe the weaknesses and mistakes of Mussolini’s opponents.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Facta failed to heed warnings that Mussolini was planning to march on Rome
the King did not use the military to stop a Fascist takeover
Facta’s government resigned allowing Mussolini to take over
the PSI was divided between revolutionaries and parliamentarians
the PSI failed to cooperate with Liberals against the Fascists
Communists and Socialists failed to unite against the Fascists
Explain6 marks2025Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Mussolini’s economic policies benefited many Italians.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
exports doubled between 1922 and 1925 bringing prosperity to some sectors of the economy
industrialists had more control after the banning of trade unions
many sectors of industry profited from rearmament, for example, job creation
Italian agriculture and industry benefitted from tariffs on foreign imports
people were pleased by the introduction of paid national holidays in 1938
parents were pleased by the extension of family allowances in the 1930s
consumers were happy with the food prices being controlled
many supported the establishment of the corporate state which created a new sense of common purpose between worker and bosses
The Battle for Grain helped grain producers by providing subsidies
many settlers in the new towns were pleased with their accommodation
cartels were happy that they were allowed to fix prices
travellers were able to use the electrified railways
Compare the views4 marks2025Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about propaganda in Fascist Italy.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about propaganda in Fascist Italy.
There were many examples of dictatorships in Europe in the inter-war period. Fascist propaganda compared Mussolini to rulers in ancient Rome and it was claimed that both had established order out of chaos. In the 1930s, money was used to fund Italian films which were used to spread Fascist propaganda. Mussolini’s Press Office issued official versions of events which newspapers were expected to publish without question.
Source B
As a former journalist it was no surprise that Mussolini ensured that newspapers were strictly controlled by the state. Mussolini was often compared to the great Roman Emperors of the past. While Hollywood movies remained popular, the Fascist government spent money on Italian-made ones which were used to promote the regime. Despite these measures large numbers of Italians remained unimpressed by the Fascist government.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about propaganda in Fascist Italy.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Fascist propaganda compared Mussolini to rulers in ancient Rome and it was claimed that both had established order out of chaos.
Source B: Mussolini was often compared to the great Roman Emperors of the past.
agree
Source A: In the 1930s, money was used to fund Italian films which were used to spread Fascist propaganda.
Source B: While Hollywood movies remained popular, the Fascist government spent money on Italian-made ones which were used to promote the regime.
agree
Source A: Mussolini’s Press Office issued official versions of events which newspapers were expected to publish without question.
Source B: Mussolini ensured that newspapers were strictly controlled by the state.
To what extent9 marks2025Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
To what extent were the weaknesses of Britain and France the most important reason for Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
The weaknesses of Britain and France
British appeasement of Hitler showed they were unlikely to stand against Fascism in Spain
Britain seemed more concerned with the Empire than with events in Europe
France was politically weak with unstable governments
Ideological reasons
help spread Fascism throughout Europe to fight against democracy and socialism
to stop French left-wing influence in Spain
Military reasons
Mussolini wanted to test his weapons
to consolidate an alliance with Spain which would be geographically important in a future conflict with France
it was hoped Franco would allow Italian military bases in Spain if a war with France was to break out
How fully6 marks2025Q75Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
How fully does Source C describe the crushing of opposition in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the crushing of opposition in Fascist Italy.
On 3 January 1925, Mussolini made a very important speech in the Chamber of Deputies. Mussolini now closed down all opposing political parties. Thousands of Fascist political opponents were sent into exile on Italian islands such as Lipari and Lampedusa. Other opposition leaders such as the Liberals, Piero Gobetti and Giovani Amendola, were murdered by the Fascists. In 1926 most of the leaders of the Italian Communist Party were arrested. Despite these measures many brave Italians resisted the Fascist government.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Mussolini now closed down all opposing political parties. (Mussolini banned other parties.)
Thousands of Fascist political opponents were sent into exile on Italian islands such as Lipari and Lampedusa. (Opponents were exiled to Italian islands.)
Other opposition leaders such as the Liberals, Piero Gobetti and Giovani Amendola, were murdered by the Fascists. (Opponents were often killed.)
In 1926 most of the leaders of the Italian Communist Party were arrested. (Communist leaders were jailed.)
Points of significant omission
Fascists force-fed opponents castor oil to induce diarrhoea
Mussolini used the Lateran Treaty to stop potential opposition from the Catholic Church
some opponents were sent to concentration camps
trade unions were banned
opposition was hard to organise due to fear of the secret police
Describe4 marks2024Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe the appeal of the Fascists to the Italian people, up to 1925.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
people liked the anti-Communist and anti-Socialist stance of the Fascists
Fascism promoted traditional family values
ex-soldiers were promised recognition of their service
Fascism seemed to promise effective government
Fascism appealed to those angry with the post war settlement
Compare the views4 marks2024Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the opponents of Fascism.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the opponents of Fascism.
There was nothing inevitable about the Fascist takeover after the Great War. However, disagreements among the trade unions meant they were unable to present a united front against Mussolini. The Liberal and Socialist parties did not cooperate in opposing Fascism because they did not realise the significance of its threat. The Socialist party was also hopelessly divided amongst themselves and so unable to campaign against the Fascists.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the opponents of Fascism.
Although Mussolini significantly increased his support in the early 1920s, there was still some political resistance to him. The Liberals and Socialists did manage to work together against the Fascists on some issues, despite their differences. The Socialists were able to offer the most effective alternative to the Fascists although they differed on key political ideas. In 1919 and 1920, trade unions organised a series of strikes which further demonstrated that they were standing strong against the Fascists.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the opponents of Fascism.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: However, disagreements among the trade unions meant they were unable to present a united front against Mussolini.
Source B: In 1919 and 1920, trade unions organised a series of strikes which further demonstrated that they were standing strong against the Fascists.
disagree
Source A: The Liberal and Socialist parties did not cooperate in opposing Fascism because they did not realise the significance of its threat.
Source B: The Liberals and Socialists did manage to work together against the Fascists on some issues, despite their differences.
disagree
Source A: The Socialist party was also hopelessly divided amongst themselves and so unable to campaign against the Fascists.
Source B: The Socialists were able to offer the most effective alternative to the Fascists although they differed on key political ideas.
Explain6 marks2024Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why many Italians disliked Mussolini's economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
many disliked it when trade unions were outlawed
revaluation of the lira in 1927 led to decline in exports
revaluation of the lira had caused unemployment by 1933 causing unpopularity, for example, 2 million unemployed
high tariffs restricted imports, so people were unhappy
real wages fell as a result of Mussolini's policies, so people were unhappy
sick pay and paid holidays were not introduced straight away, so people were unhappy
the failure to make Italy self-sufficient caused anger
the Battle for Grain in central and southern regions attempted more wheat production despite land being unsuitable, which was unpopular in these areas
increasing government control of industry was resented
tenants resented paying more after rent controls were abolished
fruit farmers resented the emphasis on the production of grain
How fully6 marks2024Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why Italy invaded Abyssinia?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why Italy invaded Abyssinia.
Mussolini believed that Italy had been cheated out of land after the First World War so he felt entitled to seize territory. He was eager to get hold of raw materials like coal and oil and he needed to find a source for these supplies. Mussolini was desperate to avenge Italian defeat at Adowa in 1896. Abyssinia was already surrounded by the Italian states of Eritrea and Somaliland, which made it vulnerable to attack. On 3 October 1935, Italy launched its invasion.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Mussolini believed that Italy had been cheated out of land after the First World War so he felt entitled to seize territory. (Italy wanted to increase territory.)
He was eager to get hold of raw materials like coal and oil and he needed to find a source for these supplies. (There was a desire to plunder African resources.)
Mussolini was desperate to avenge Italian defeat at Adowa in 1896. (Revenge for past slights was a major factor.)
Abyssinia was already surrounded by the Italian states of Eritrea and Somaliland, which made it vulnerable to attack. (Ease of access encouraged the attack.)
Points of significant omission
Mussolini wanted to show that Italy was an imperial power capable of acting like Britain and France
Mussolini believed that Britain and France would not act to stop him
a successful war abroad could rally support at home
Mussolini wanted to develop export markets for Italian businesses
Mussolini wanted to prove to Hitler that Italy was a powerful country
invasion could provide valuable practice for a possible war in Europe
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q75Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the crushing of opposition to Mussolini.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D — is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2007.
Although he was in power from 1922, Mussolini did not yet have complete control over the country. In 1924 Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti was murdered by the Fascists after he made a speech condemning Mussolini. In the aftermath of this killing Mussolini moved to establish a dictatorship by banning other political parties. Mussolini was even prepared to use violence outwith Italy to silence his opponents as shown by the murder of the Rosselli brothers in France.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian — Useful as they would be a well-informed expert about the crushing of opposition to Mussolini.
Type of Source: textbook — Useful as the book would have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose: to inform — Useful as it is intended to give detailed information about Mussolini's Italy.
Timing: 2007 — Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In 1924 Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti was murdered by the Fascists after he made a speech condemning Mussolini. (Useful because it is accurate (Matteotti was killed).)
In the aftermath of this killing Mussolini moved to establish a dictatorship by banning other political parties. (Useful because it is accurate (Italy did become a one-party state).)
Mussolini was even prepared to use violence outwith Italy to silence his opponents as shown by the murder of the Rosselli brothers in France. (Useful because it is accurate (The Rossellis were killed).)
Points of significant omission
hundreds of opponents of the Fascists were killed
the secret police (OVRA) made thousands of arrests
special tribunals produced summary judgements outside the normal court system
opponents were exiled to islands, for example, Lipari, Lampedusa
How fully6 marks2023Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
How fully does Source A describe the appeal of the Fascists?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the appeal of the Fascists.
Benito Mussolini created a new political movement in the Fascists who were to seize power in the 1920s. Mussolini’s speeches were well received and won many over to the Fascist cause. Many listeners agreed with his view that democracy had made Italy weak and only the Fascists could make her strong. Mussolini convinced the poor that he would create a fairer society by tackling unfair business practices. Mussolini was able to exploit resentment against the peace settlement to strengthen his appeal.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Mussolini’s speeches were well received and won many over to the Fascist cause. (Mussolini’s speeches were popular.)
Many listeners agreed with his view that democracy had made Italy weak and that only the Fascists could make her strong. (The view that democracy had failed was a widespread one.)
Mussolini convinced the poor that he would create a fairer society by tackling unfair business practices. (Mussolini was good at exploiting the masses.)
Mussolini was able to exploit resentment against the peace settlement to strengthen his appeal. (Many felt Italy had been snubbed by the Allies.)
Points of significant omission
young people were attracted to Fascism as it seemed to offer the prospect of action
the Fascists also gained working class support by offering fair wages
Fascism appealed to nationalists
Fascism appealed to ex-soldiers by promising recognition of their service
the promise of an eight-hour day appealed to many
the wealthy were attracted by strong anti-Communist views
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Fascist propaganda.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — from a school textbook published by the Italian government in 1928
Source B is from a school textbook published by the Italian government in 1928.
What is the role of young people in our brave new Italy? To love your parents as much as your country and your country as much as you love your parents. To be totally devoted and give thanks always for the Duce who has made our wonderful country stronger and greater. To feel love and warmth for all those who have unselfishly sacrificed their lives for a new Italy and for Fascism which has saved us all.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: Italian government (Useful as the Italian government sent out propaganda.)
Type of Source: school textbook (Useful as it shows the Fascists were keen to target the young.)
Purpose: to persuade (Useful as propaganda was designed to get people to act in a certain way.)
Timing: 1928 (Useful as it is from the period when the Fascists had established their control over Italy.)
Content
To love your parents as much as your country and your country as much as you love your parents. (Useful because it is accurate (the Fascists stressed the importance of family).)
To be totally devoted and give thanks always for the Duce who has made our country stronger and greater. (Useful because it is accurate (devotion to Mussolini was encouraged).)
To feel love and warmth for all those who have unselfishly sacrificed their lives for a new Italy and for Fascism which has saved us all. (Useful because it is accurate (Fascism was portrayed as Italy’s saviour).)
Points of significant omission
mass rallies were used as a means of propaganda
the Fascists censored opposition views
the Government produced newsreels to be shown at cinemas
Explain6 marks2023Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Italy attacked Abyssinia in 1935.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
to avenge defeat at Adwa (Adowa) in 1896
to develop the cult of the Duce
to consolidate Italy’s position in East Africa (where they had had a presence since the 1880s)
to increase Italian prestige
to show that Italy was capable of acting as an imperial power like Britain and France
a successful war abroad could rally support at home
to put Italy in a position to exploit Abyssinian resources
to develop export markets for Italian businesses
to demonstrate to Hitler that Italy was a powerful nation (and therefore a valuable ally)
Mussolini believed that Britain and France would not act to stop him
a border clash provided the pretext for invasion
failure of the League to act over German breaches of Versailles had emboldened Mussolini
To what extent9 marks2023Q74(a)Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
To what extent was the use of fear and intimidation the main reason why opposition was not effective in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Fear and intimidation
Blackshirts’ use of violence caused terror
castor oil was poured down the throat of opponents which led to fear of speaking out
the murder of Matteotti intimidated potential opponents
police informers successfully penetrated opposition groups
Control of powerful groups
use of government patronage to reward loyalty
local government was abolished
arrest of some Mafia figures caused a loss of opposition leadership
Fascist popularity
many were happy that the Dopolavoro provided leisure facilities
a strong foreign policy pleased many Italians, for example, Locarno, Corfu, Abyssinia
Neutralisation of Catholic opposition
Mussolini rejected earlier anti-clericalism
the Lateran Treaty ensured good relations with the Church and its followers
Pius XI praised Mussolini and this encouraged many to support him
To what extent9 marks2023Q74(b)Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
How successful was Fascist economic policy in Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
The Battle for the Lira
banks introduced tight controls on the money supply
industries dependent on imports were boosted by protectionist policies
Italian exports declined
The Battle for Grain
new land brought into use for farming
cereal production doubled
cost of bread increased for consumers
Transport
Autostrada were built
5,000 kilometres of railway were electrified
claim that the railways now ran on time
Cartels
as a result of government policy cartels continued to fix prices
Describe4 marks2022Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Describe Mussolini’s seizure of power up to 1925.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Mussolini was elected to Parliament in 1921
Fascists ‘Marched on Rome’
Mussolini appointed as Prime Minister by the King
Acerbo Law used to secure Fascist parliamentary majority
removal of opponents from civil service
disruption of political meetings of the opposition
press intimidated if speaking against the fascists
To what extent9 marks2022Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
How successful were Mussolini’s economic policies?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Control of Trade
Labour Charter — supported the employers not the workers
advisory corporations set up covering nearly every aspect of industry
self-sufficiency not achieved as large imports of oil, coal and iron ore were still required
Agriculture
battle for the Land to clear marshland for farms created thousands of jobs, for example, Pontine Marshes
limited amount of land reclaimed
Battle for Grain was a success for farmers as they had a guaranteed price for their crop
Battle for Grain was a failure for the poor as they could not afford bread
Battle for the Lira
Mussolini raised the value of the Lira increasing the price of exports which led to firms not being able to sell goods
high tariffs put on foreign imports was not good for Italian consumers
Public Works
public work schemes introduced which helped combat the impact of the Depression, for example, motorways and hydroelectric plants
construction of public monuments did little to improve the economy
Trade Unions
outlawing of Socialist and Catholic trade unions by the Vidoni Palace Pact reduced industrial disputes making the economy more productive
Compare the views4 marks2022Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the aims of Mussolini’s youth policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the aims of Mussolini’s youth policies.
Mussolini prioritised the young in his policies because his aim was to create a nation of fascists. The Fascist youth organisations were taken over by the Education Ministry in 1929. Schools and the youth organisations looked to prepare young people for war through sports in the curriculum and after-school activities. A central aim of youth organisations was to promote unwavering loyalty and love for Benito Mussolini.
Source B
From 1928 the youth organisation Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was compulsory for those Italians who wished to join the Fascist party in adulthood. The ONB prioritised love of Il Duce through songs which included lines such as ‘Swear loyalty to Mussolini’. The school curriculum had an emphasis on sport in order to build up a potential army. Ultimately the youth policies were intended to indoctrinate the young to become fascists.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources agree about the aims of Mussolini’s youth policies.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Mussolini prioritised the young in his policies because his aim was to create a nation of fascists.
Source B: Ultimately the youth policies were intended to indoctrinate the young to become fascists.
agree
Source A: Schools and the youth organisations looked to prepare young people for war through sports in the curriculum and after-school activities.
Source B: The school curriculum had an emphasis on sport in order to build up a potential army.
agree
Source A: A central aim of youth organisations was to promote unwavering loyalty and love for Benito Mussolini.
Source B: The ONB prioritised love of Il Duce through songs which included lines such as ‘Swear loyalty to Mussolini’.
Explain6 marks2022Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Mussolini became involved in the Spanish Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
to help spread Fascism throughout Europe
to consolidate an alliance with Spain which would be geographically important in a future conflict with France
Franco would allow Italian military bases in Spain if a war with France was to break out
Mussolini had become overambitious after the victory in Abyssinia
How fully6 marks2022Q75(a)Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
How fully does Source C describe how Mussolini crushed opposition in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes how Mussolini crushed opposition in Fascist Italy.
Italy remained a monarchy but Mussolini held real power and took action against opposition. By the end of 1925 only the Fascist Party was allowed to operate by law, all other political parties were banned in Italy. Not only were political parties banned but the Lateran Agreements neutralised opposition from the Church as well. In addition, 400 people were killed by the State for political reasons. Many opponents were forced into exile on Italian islands such as Lipari and Lampedusa.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
By the end of 1925 only the Fascist Party was allowed to operate by law, all other political parties were banned in Italy. (Only the Fascist Party was allowed to exist.)
Not only were political parties banned but the Lateran Agreements neutralised opposition from the Church as well. (The Lateran Agreements ensured that there was not opposition from the Catholic Church.)
In addition, 400 people were killed by the State for political reasons. (Opponents of the State were killed.)
Many opponents were forced into exile on Italian islands such as Lipari and Lampedusa. (Many opponents were sent to internal exile.)
Points of significant omission
some opponents were sent to concentration camps
censorship was introduced
anti-fascist propaganda was viewed as treason
the secret police spied on people
the Blackshirts were used to terrorise anyone not supporting the Fascists
How fully6 marks2022Q75(b)Mussolini and Fascist Italy,1919–1939
How fully does Source D describe the conflict in Abyssinia?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the conflict in Abyssinia.
Italy and Abyssinia once had an amicable relationship, with Italy proposing Abyssinia to the League of Nations in 1923. However, by December 1934 Italian and Abyssinian forces clashed at the Wal Wal oasis. From February of the following year, Italy started to send extra troops to Italian East Africa. Mussolini launched the full invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 and had captured Adowa by 6 October. The Abyssinians were not equipped for modern warfare and the Italians won the war after seven months of fighting.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
However, by December 1934 Italian and Abyssinian forces clashed at the Wal Wal oasis. (A clash at Wal Wal caused tension.)
From February of the following year, Italy started to send extra troops to Italian East Africa. (Italians escalated their troops in Italian East Africa.)
Mussolini launched the full invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 and had captured Adowa by 6 October. (Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935.)
The Abyssinians were not equipped for modern warfare and the Italians won the war after seven months of fighting. (The Italians won the war quickly.)
Points of significant omission
the Italians were aided by the British and French desire to avoid conflict
the Italians used mustard gas on Abyssinian villages
Mussolini ordered the killing of ten Abyssinians for each Italian casualty
the Italians used machine guns and aircraft
Eritreans from Italy’s first colony did a lot of the fighting for the Italians
Explain6 marks2021Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Mussolini was able to seize power by 1925.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Mussolini manipulated his image/exploited weaknesses of other groups through his newspaper, 'Il Popolo D'Italia'
by 1921 — fascism was anti-communist/anti-trade union/anti-socialist/pro-nationalist and thus became attractive to the middle and upper classes
Fascism appealed to conservative family values
Fascism gained the support of the Catholic church/monarchists
violence showed fascism was strong and ruthless (it appealed to many ex-soldiers)
Fascists appeared to be the only Party prepared to stand up to the Communists
Fascists promised strong government, which was attractive after a period of extreme instability
Mussolini attracted many with his powerful oratory/distinctive image of Blackshirts and fascist flag
parliamentary government was weak and corruption commonplace
the Acerbo law was used to secure a Fascist parliamentary majority
the King gave in to Fascist pressure during the March on Rome
Mussolini's' political opponents were divided and this weakened them.
Compare the views4 marks2021Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the role of the King in Fascist Italy.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the role of the King in Fascist Italy.
People often forget that Italy remained a monarchy during the entire Fascist era. Victor Emmanuel III was King from 1900 to 1946. As King, he supported the aggressive Abyssinian and Albanian wars. Since he signed Benito Mussolini's anti-Semitic decrees, it has to be concluded that he was an anti-Semite. Much of the Italian public thought that the King agreed with the aims of Mussolini's government.
Source B
As soon as Mussolini came to power in 1922, he made major policy changes. The King had serious concerns about Fascist aggressive foreign policy, which he expressed to Mussolini in private. He did his best to discourage discrimination against Italy's Jewish population. His failure to provide stronger opposition against Mussolini's leadership can be explained by his lack of confidence. Victor Emmanuel died on 28 December 1947, aged 78.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall — the sources disagree about the role of the King in Fascist Italy.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Since he signed Benito Mussolini's anti-Semitic decrees it has to be concluded that he was an anti-Semite.
Source B: He did his best to discourage discrimination against Italy's Jewish population.
disagree
Source A: As King, he supported the aggressive Abyssininan and Albanian wars.
Source B: The King had severe concerns about aggressive Fascist foreign policy, which he expressed to Mussolini in private.
disagree
Source A: Much of the Italian public thought that the King agreed with the aims of Mussolini's government.
Source B: His failure to provide stronger opposition to Mussolini's leadership.
Describe4 marks2021Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe Fascist economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
trade unions were outlawed
the currency was revalued in the 'Battle for the Lira'
high tariffs were placed on foreign imports
the Battle for Grain was established
Battle for Land to make marshland useable for farming/provided employment
the Ministry of Corporations was established, headed by Giuseppe Bottai
government investment to create employment and modernise industry, for example, electrification of railways, growth of car industry
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source C as evidence of Italy's involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C — from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009
Source C is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2009.
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936. In July 1936 Mussolini responded to a request from the right-wing rebels fighting against the left-wing Spanish Republican government. He was keen to aid the fight against democracy and socialism. Initially he sent 12 planes, which together with German aircraft proved crucial in allowing General Franco to transport his Army of Morocco to Spain. The Soviet Union provided support to the Republican government in the hope of preventing its defeat.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful as they will be a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because it will have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose (to inform): Useful as it provides detailed information about Italy's involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
Timing (2009): Useful because it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In July 1936 Mussolini responded to a request from the right-wing rebels fighting against the left-wing Spanish Republican government. (Useful because it is accurate (as Franco did request help from like-minded leaders).)
He was keen to aid the fight against democracy and socialism. (Useful as it is accurate (that Mussolini regarded these as dangerous).)
Initially he sent 12 planes, which together with German aircraft proved crucial in allowing General Franco to transport his Army of Morocco to Spain. (Useful as it is accurate (as these planes were sent).)
Points of significant omission
Mussolini wanted to establish greater Italian influence in the Mediterranean
Mussolini sent Italian troops to fight in Spain
Italian submarines attacked ships supplying the Republican government
the Italians were defeated by the International Brigades at Guadalajara in 1937.
How fully6 marks2021Q75Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source D explain the reasons why the Fascists were able to crush opposition?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source D
Source D explains the reasons why the Fascists were able to crush opposition.
Opposition did exist in Fascist Italy from groups such as the Communists and Socialists. The government was able to deal easily with opposition groups because they failed to unite against the Fascists. A lack of courage helps explain the failure of some opposition groups. Mussolini cleverly used the Lateran Treaty to stop potential opposition from the Catholic Church. The opposition received little publicity as loyal journalists received extra pay in the form of government grants. Many of Mussolini's opponents lived to see the end of the regime and his death.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the government was able deal easily with opposition groups because they failed to unite against the Fascists
a lack of courage helps explain the failure of some opposition groups
Mussolini cleverly used the Lateran Treaty to stop potential opposition from the Catholic Church
the opposition received little publicity as loyal journalists received extra pay in the form of government grants.
Points of significant omission
many opponents of the regime were intimidated/murdered which silenced potential rivals
some opponents were sent to concentration camps which scared people
Mussolini banned all other political parties
censorship made it difficult to oppose Mussolini
the banning of trade unions removed another potential source of opposition
opposition was hard to organise due to fear of the secret police.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of Italian attitudes to the Peace Settlement.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — from a speech given by Mussolini in 1920
Source A is from a speech given by Mussolini in 1920.
There are many reasons why Italy was in such a state of despair after the war. The peace settlement pushed entire populations to the brink of despair. True peace cannot be separated from justice and is insulted by not being given colonies. Italy did not receive the land which we were promised in the Treaty of London and is rightly angry. We were betrayed at the Peace Conference. We were not given colonies which would have awarded us our rightful place in the world.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Mussolini. Useful as he was an eye-witness.
Type of Source: Speech. Useful as it shows the opinion of an important person.
Purpose: to persuade. Useful as it truly reflects his views on the Peace Settlement.
Timing: 1920. Useful as it was written soon after the peace settlement was agreed.
Content: Italy did not receive the land which we were promised in the Treaty of London and is rightly angry. Useful as it is accurate (the allies did not keep their word).
Content: We were betrayed at the Peace Conference. Useful as it is accurate (this was a widespread view among Italians).
Content: We were insulted by not given colonies which would have awarded us our rightful place in the world. Useful as it is accurate (the Italians were denied colonies).
Points of significant omission
the Italians were angry that they did not get Fiume
the Italians resented the establishment of Yugoslavia
the Italians were upset that their wartime sacrifices were not suitably rewarded
the Italians were particularly angry with Woodrow Wilson for rejecting their claims/at not being treated as an equal in the peace conferences
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the events which led to Mussolini’s seizure of power in Italy in 1922. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about why Mussolini was able to seize power in 1922.
The Fascist squads had a reputation for ruthless violence. This put Mussolini in the position to challenge the government, which he did in what became known as the famous “March on Rome”. The government decided to send in the army to try and stop Mussolini. The King, Victor Emmanuel III, however instead of using the army, decided to give in to Mussolini’s demands. He therefore appointed him head of a new Italian government.
Source B
The Socialists and Communists launched an anti-Fascist general strike but the people failed to support them. After the strike, Mussolini decided to seize the government when he and his followers marched on the capital, Rome. Before he resigned, the prime minister called out the army when the Fascists surrounded Rome. However, the pressure proved too much for the Italian King who refused to use the military to squash Mussolini’s “march”.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall – the sources agree about the events which led to Mussolini’s seizure of power in Italy in 1922.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: This put Mussolini in the position to challenge the government, which he did in what became known as the famous “March on Rome”.
Source B: ...Mussolini decided to seize the government when he and his followers marched on the capital, Rome.
agree
Source A: The government decided to send in the army to try and stop Mussolini.
Source B: ...the prime minister called out the army when the Fascists surrounded Rome.
agree
Source A: The king, Victor Emmanuel III, however decided instead of using the army, to give in to Mussolini’s demands.
Source B: ...the pressure proved too much for the Italian King who refused to use the military to squash Mussolini’s “march”.
Explain6 marks2019Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why many Italians were happy with Mussolini's economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
exports doubled between 1922–1925 bringing prosperity to some sectors of the economy
industrialists were pleased by the banning of trade unions
many sectors of industry profited from rearmament (for example job creation)
Italian agriculture and industry benefitted from tariffs on foreign imports
people were pleased by the introduction of paid national holidays in 1938
parents were pleased by the extension of family allowances in the 1930s
consumers were happy with the food prices being controlled
many supported the establishment of the corporate state which created a new sense of common purpose between worker and bosses
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source C describe the cult of Il Duce in Fascist Italy? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the cult of Il Duce in Fascist Italy.
The leadership cult in Fascist Italy started almost as soon as Mussolini came to power in 1922. By the end of 1925, his role as Duce of Fascism and Head of the Government had been secured by changes to the law. The nature of Mussolini’s leadership and, above all, the quality of his political judgement, has been hotly debated. Mussolini had undoubted charisma and political intelligence with which to maintain his power over Fascism and the Italian people. However, his main talents lay in the areas of acting and propaganda.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the leadership cult in Fascist Italy started almost as soon as Mussolini came to power in 1922
his role as Duce of Fascism and Head of the Government had been secured by changes to the law
Mussolini had undoubted charisma and political intelligence (with which to maintain his power over Fascism and the Italian people)
his main talents lay chiefly in the areas of acting and propaganda.
Points of significant omission
the cult was intended to build popular support for the dictator and to secure support for the government
the media played an important role in establishing the cult of “Il Duce”
Mussolini was shown as a man chosen by destiny to save Italy and its people from Communism and Socialism
he was portrayed as the new Caesar/a man of genius/a man of action
he established “holy days” such as 23 March, to remind Italians of the advent of Fascism
newspapers were forbidden to mention any signs of illness and even his birthdays were to be ignored as this would reveal his age.
How fully6 marks2019Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source B describe Fascist foreign policy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes Fascist foreign policy.
In 1923 an Italian official was killed while trying to resolve a border dispute. In response Italy invaded the Greek island of Corfu. In 1924 the Italians put pressure on Yugoslavia and gained control of the port of Fiume. In 1925 Italy was persuaded to attend the Locarno meeting and join Britain in guaranteeing the Locarno pacts which saw Germany, France and Belgium accept their existing boundaries. In 1926 Mussolini extended Italian influence and declared Albania an Italian protectorate.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Italy invaded the Greek island of Corfu
in 1924 the Italians put pressure on Yugoslavia and gained control of the port of Fiume
in 1925 Italy was persuaded to attend the Locarno meeting and join Britain in guaranteeing the Locarno pacts (which saw Germany, France and Belgium accept their existing boundaries)
in 1926 Mussolini extended Italian influence and declared Albania an Italian protectorate
Points of significant omission
formation of Stresa Front with Britain and France
invasion of Abyssinia
intervention in the Spanish civil war
agreement of Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany and Japan
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why many Italians were unhappy with Mussolini’s economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
revaluation of the lira in 1927 led to decline in exports, causing discontent
increase in unemployment 1926-28. By 1933 unemployment had reached 2 million, causing unpopularity
high tariffs restricted imports, so people unhappy
real wages fell, so people were angry
many workers were unhappy when trade unions were outlawed
sick pay and paid holidays were not introduced until 1938, which disappointed people
the failure to make Italy self-sufficient contributed to growing unpopularity
as part of the Battle for Grain, land in central and southern regions was turned over to wheat production despite being unsuitable (traditional agricultural exports declined), unpopular in these areas
increasing government control of industry was resented.
To what extent9 marks2019Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
To what extent was the use of propaganda the most important factor in explaining the ineffectiveness of opposition in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Propaganda/Censorship
destruction of the opposition press severely weakened them
no criticism of Mussolini appeared in the mainstream press
fascist propaganda presented Mussolini as an efficient/benevolent leader
Fear and Intimidation
Mussolini's Blackshirts terrorised the cities and provinces
the murder of Matteotti intimidated potential opponents
police informers created fear among the population/successfully penetrated opposition groups
Fascist popularity
many were happy that the Dopalovoro provided leisure facilities
a strong foreign policy pleased many Italians (for example Locarno/Corfu/Abyssinia)
Neutralisation of Catholic opposition
the Lateran Treaty ensured good relations with the Church and its adherents
Pius XI praised Mussolini and this encouraged many to support him
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe the aims of Fascist foreign policy.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
to make Italy a great world power/the dominant power in the Mediterranean
to expand Italy’s colonial empire in Africa/take over Ethiopia
to increase Italian influence in the Balkans
to build up Italy’s armed forces to make Italy feared
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ75Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
To what extent was fear the main reason why Mussolini was able to overcome opposition in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Fear/use of violence
a secret police force was set up, the OVRA, which spied on opponents
many opponents of the regime were murdered/sent to concentration camps, which scared people
people were afraid of the Blackshirts and this ensured Italians didn’t challenge Mussolini.
Mussolini
he seemed to provide the strong leadership which Italians longed for and who would restore Italy’s greatness
he was the new Caesar/a man of genius/a man of action.
Weakness of opposition
after 1926, all rival political parties were declared illegal
opposition newspapers were banned in Italy making it difficult for them to get publicity
opposition groups were weakened by the inability to unite on a common platform.
Propaganda
radio and the cinema were also used to broadcast Fascist propaganda
censorship made it difficult to oppose Mussolini.
Popular support
he bought off key groups: the workers were promised an eight-hour day/the rich benefited from a reduction in death duties
got the support of the Roman Catholic Church by making religious education compulsory in all elementary schools/entering into the Lateran Treaty.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q71Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the appeal of Fascism between 1919 and 1925.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by modern historians, published in 1998.
The Fascists got very little support in the 1919 election, but things improved for them after this. They appealed to many small landowners who had been harmed by Socialist local government and were worried about a Socialist revolution. Young people were attracted to Fascism as it seemed to offer the prospect of adventure and action. The Fascists also gained working class support as they kept some of their original radical social policies such as fair wages and prices.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historians — Useful as they are well-informed experts.
Type of source
Textbook — Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose
To inform — Useful as it provides detailed information.
Timing
1998 — Useful as it is written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
They appealed to many small landowners who had been harmed by Socialist local government and were worried about a Socialist revolution — Useful as it is accurate (the Fascists did exploit the fear of Socialism).
Young people were attracted to Fascism as it seemed to offer the prospect of adventure and action — Useful as it is accurate (Fascism did have dynamic appeal for the young).
The Fascists also gained working class support as they kept some of their original radical social policies such as fair wages and prices — Useful as it is accurate (the Fascists did appeal to the workers).
Points of significant omission
many were attracted by Mussolini's oratory
Fascism presented itself as a patriotic movement and so appealed to nationalists
Fascism appealed to ex-soldiers by promising recognition of their service
the promise of an eight hour day appealed to many.
Describe4 marks2018Q72Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe the methods used by the Italian Fascists to spread propaganda.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
control of newspapers
control of radio
use of mass rallies
display of posters
use of sport to promote Fascist ideals
L'Unione Cinematografica Eductavia produced documentaries and newsreels to be shown at cinemas
subsidies provided to Italian film makers who made patriotic films
schools used to indoctrinate pupils with Fascist ideals.
How fully6 marks2018Q73Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source B describe the activities of Fascist youth organisations? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the activities of Fascist youth organisations.
The Fascists were determined to win the support of every one of the younger generation. The new Fascist youth organisation was called the ONB (Opera Nazionale Balila). It was a party organisation but it was taken over by the Education Ministry in 1929. Young people learned horse riding skills. Many youngsters went skiing in the Italian Alps. Every member had to swear a personal oath of loyalty to Mussolini. Most towns had rallies on a Saturday afternoon between 3·30 and 6·00 pm.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
young people learned horse riding skills
many youngsters went skiing in the Italian Alps
every member had to swear a personal oath of loyalty to Mussolini
most towns had rallies on a Saturday afternoon between 3.30 and 6.00 pm.
Explain6 marks2018Q74Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
to avenge the defeat at Adowa in 1896
to consolidate Italy's position in East Africa (where they had had a presence since the 1880s)
to increase Italian prestige/to show that Italy was capable of acting as an imperial power like Britain and France
a successful war abroad could rally support at home
to put Italy in a position to exploit Abyssinian resources
to develop export markets for Italian businesses
to demonstrate to Hitler that Italy was a powerful nation (and therefore a valuable ally)
Mussolini believed that Britain and France would not act to stop him.
Compare the views4 marks2018Q75Mussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources C and D about opposition to the Fascist regime. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about opposition to the Fascist regime.
Europe in the inter-war period was divided between democracies and dictatorships. Democracy managed to survive in Britain, but Mussolini had many admirers there. Opposition to the Fascist government in Italy was quite effective. There were several reasons for this but it was mainly because the regime was not popular amongst large numbers of people. The opposition groups were only occasionally infiltrated by the police and their informers.
Source D
There was opposition to the Fascists, but it never posed a threat to the regime. Many Italians wanted to stay out of politics and concentrate on family life but most supported Mussolini's foreign and economic policies. When opposition groups did appear they were unable to operate without interference from the police. Socialists and Communists were at the forefront of opposition to the government. Fascism has little support in Italy today.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources disagree on opposition to the Fascist regime.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: Opposition to the Fascist government in Italy was quite effective.
Source D: There was opposition to the Fascists, but it never posed a threat to the regime.
disagree
Source C: the regime was not popular amongst large numbers of people.
Source D: most supported Mussolini's foreign and economic policies.
disagree
Source C: The opposition groups were only occasionally infiltrated by the police and their informers.
Source D: When opposition groups did appear they were unable to operate without interference from the police.
Describe5 marks2017Q56⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe Mussolini’s economic policies up to 1939.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
Trade Unions were outlawed
the currency was revalued in the “Battle for the Lira.”
high tariffs were placed on foreign imports
The Battle for Grain was established
Battle for Land to make marshland useable for farming eg the Pontine Marshes
The Ministry of Corporations was established, headed by Giuseppe Bottai
Government investment to create employment and modernise industry eg electrification of railways, growth of car industry
Compare the views4 marks2017Q57⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources A and B on the effectiveness of Fascist propaganda.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Fascist propaganda.
Italian Fascists relied a great deal on propaganda to maintain support. Mussolini was portrayed as athletic, strong and courageous and most Italians believed this. The Fascist regime was very successful in controlling the output of radio and cinema. One admirer of him was the British Foreign Secretary, Austen Chamberlain, who was widely reported as saying that Mussolini was “a wonderful man working for the greatness of his country”.
Source B
Fascist propaganda made many claims about Mussolini. Few Italians believed the ridiculous claims that Mussolini was a brilliant athlete and musician. While the Fascist regime did its best to control the media, in reality Italians watched American films which certainly did not support Fascist ideas. Foreigners could see through the Fascists’ crude propaganda attempts and in the European press Mussolini was often presented as a figure of fun.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: The sources disagree about the effectiveness of Fascist propaganda
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Mussolini was portrayed as athletic, strong and courageous and most Italians believed this
Source B: Few Italians believed the ridiculous claims that Mussolini was a brilliant athlete and musician
disagree
Source A: The Fascist regime was very successful in controlling the output of radio and cinema
Source B: While the Fascist regime did its best to control the media, in reality Italians watched American films which certainly did not support Fascist ideas
disagree
Source A: One admirer of him was the British Foreign Secretary, Austen Chamberlain, who was widely reported as saying that Mussolini was “a wonderful man working for the greatness of his country”
Source B: Foreigners could see through the Fascists’ crude propaganda attempts and in the European press Mussolini was often presented as a figure of fun
How fully6 marks2017Q58⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source C explain the aims of Fascist foreign policy up to 1939? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source C
Source C is from a history textbook.
Benito Mussolini’s Fascist regime came to power in Italy in 1922. He quickly set about removing democratic rights and freedoms. It took Mussolini some time to fully develop his foreign policy. His main aim was to make Italy respected as a world power. To achieve this he wanted to build up the Italian armed forces to make Italy feared. Mussolini was determined that one day Italy would be the dominant power in the Mediterranean. He was particularly keen to extend Italian influence in the countries of the Balkans.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
his main aim was to make Italy respected as a world power
to achieve this he wanted to build up the Italian armed forces to make Italy feared
Mussolini was determined that one day Italy would be the dominant power in the Mediterranean
he was particularly keen to extend Italian influence in the countries of the Balkans
Points of significant omission
to increase Italian influence in Albania
to encourage the break-up of Yugoslavia
to encourage Fascism in Germany
to take over Ethiopia/to build an Italian Empire in Africa
Explain5 marks2017Q59⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why opposition never posed a serious threat to the Fascist state.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
opposition groups were weakened by their inability to unite on a common platform
opposition parties banned after 1926
opponents were afraid of imprisonment in concentration camps
Mussolini was popular amongst many people
opposition received relatively little publicity as loyal journalists received extra pay in the form of government grants
the regime was able to portray opposition as unpatriotic
people were afraid of the Blackshirts/secret police and this ensured Italians obeyed Mussolini
Lateran Treaty neutralised opposition from RC Church and its members
Explain5 marks2016Q56⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Mussolini was able to secure power in Italy by 1925.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Mussolini exploited weaknesses of other groups by use of his newspaper ‘Il Popolo D’Italia’
by 1921 – fascism was anti-communist, anti-trade union, anti-socialist and pro-nationalism and thus became attractive to the middle and upper classes
fascism became pro-conservative, appealed to family values, supported church and monarchy
promised to work within the accepted political system (this made fascism more respectable and appealing to both the monarchy and the papacy)
violence showed fascism was strong and ruthless (it appealed to many ex-soldiers)
middle class frightened by Communism/fascists appeared to be only ones prepared to stand up to Communists
fascists promised strong government. This was attractive after a period of extreme instability
Mussolini attracted many with his powerful oratory. Mussolini manipulated his image, kept out of violence himself but exploited the violence of others
Parliamentary government was weak – informal ‘liberal’ coalitions. Corruption was commonplace (transformismo)
the Acerbo law was used to secure a Fascist parliamentary majority
the King gave in to Fascist pressure during the March on Rome. He failed to call Mussolini’s bluff
after the Aventine Secession the King was unwilling to dismiss Mussolini
Mussolini’s’ political opponents were divided and this weakened them
Mussolini’s Blackshirts terrorised the cities and provinces causing fear with tactics such as force-feeding with toads and castor oil
destruction of opposition press severely weakened them
Describe5 marks2016Q57⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe the policies introduced by Mussolini to try to control the lives of young Italians.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
from 1925 teachers with suspect political views could be dismissed
from 1929 all teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to the regime
in 1931 a Fascist Teachers Association was set up to regulate the profession. Membership was compulsory by 1937
in schools the cult of personality was heavily promoted (the Duce’s portrait had to be hung alongside that of the King)
teachers were ordered to stress the genius and strength of Mussolini
children were taught the importance of obedience in the Fascist state/Text books were altered
in history children were taught that Italy had been the cradle of European civilisation and that Italians had always been at the forefront of events. Italy’s role in the First World War was exaggerated
The Fascist Youth movement, the Opera Nazionale Balliala (ONB) was set up to control young people’s leisure activities
The Ballila and Avanguardista provided military and ideological training as well as sports and fitness training for boys
in the Piccole Italiane and Giovani Italiane girls were prepared for a traditional role by being taught sewing and child care
at university level the Gruppi Universitari Fascisti (GUF) provided further sporting and military training/ students had to join to further careers
How fully5 marks2016Q58⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source A describe the cult of “Il Duce”.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the cult of “Il Duce”.
When the Fascists came to power in 1922, a leadership cult was established in Italy. The media played a very important role, making Mussolini the centre of every story. The cult built popular support for him and secured continuing support for his dictatorship. Benito Mussolini was shown as a man chosen by destiny to save Italy and its people from Communism and Socialism. He was the new Caesar—a man of genius, a man of action.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
media played an important role in establishing the cult of “Il Duce.”
the cult was intended to build popular support for the dictator and to secure support for the government
Benito Mussolini was shown as a man chosen by destiny to save Italy and its people from Communism and Socialism
he was the new Caesar/a man of genius/a man of action
Points of significant omission
Mussolini started a new calendar with Year 1 beginning in 1922
the regime made propagandist feature films
the Duce was shown as a great athlete and musician
always uniformed to portray strength and aggression
the newspapers suggested that Mussolini was infallible
an image of youthfulness was portrayed by not referring to Mussolini’s age or the fact he wore glasses
it was said that Mussolini worked 16 hour days. His light was left on after he had gone to bed to maintain this fiction
indoctrination of children into ‘cult’ (eg school textbooks/fascist youth groups)
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q59⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of Mussolini’s foreign policy.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B — is part of a speech made by Mussolini in 1922.
There is much for us to do in this country. Perfect unity in Italy cannot be spoken of until Fiume and Dalmatia and other territories have come back to us, fulfilling the proud dream which we carry in our hearts. Violence may have to be used. Violence is sometimes necessary. Italy, in order to become a Mediterranean power, must have control over the Adriatic Sea.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: Mussolini – Useful as he was in charge of Fascist foreign policy/first-hand experience
Type of Source: A speech – Less useful as Mussolini might exaggerate as this is intended for public consumption.
Purpose: To persuade – Less useful as Mussolini would be keen to justify military action/offers a one-sided view
Timing: 1922 – Useful as Mussolini was in power with responsibility for Fascist foreign policy
Points from the source
Perfect unity in Italy cannot be spoken of until Fiume and Dalmatia and other territories have come back to us – Useful as it is accurate/Mussolini did target Fiume (which became an Italian possession in 1924)
Violence may have to be used – Useful as it is accurate/Fascist ideology did glorify the use of violence
Italy, in order to become a Mediterranean power, must have control over the Adriatic sea – Useful as it is accurate/Mussolini was obsessed with making the Mediterranean an “Italian lake”
Points of significant omission
Mussolini aimed to make Italy a great power/new Roman Empire
he wanted to expand Italy’s colonial empire in Africa
he wanted to increase Italian influence in the Balkans
in early years of power he aimed to appear as peaceful statesman (eg Locarno 1925)
he wanted to reverse Italy’s humiliation at Versailles (eg bombardment of Corfu)
wanted to act to stop German expansion after 1933 (eg in Austria/Stresa Front)
he wanted to encourage friendly regimes abroad and discourage Socialism/Communism, eg in Spain
latterly he wanted to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy to distract public attention away from problems at home
Axis/Pact of Steel – Italian foreign policy in conjunction with Germany eg Munich Conference
played crucial role as mediator at Munich Conference Sept 1938/tried to appear as a moderate
To what extent8 marks2015Q56⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
To what extent was the widespread appeal of Fascism the main reason why Mussolini was able to seize power by 1925?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
To what extent / How important / How successful · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.✓ 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.✓ 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why — does not need to be new].✓ 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge — 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
💡It is asking: one factor is a reason — but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
💡Each fact you add (including every "Also…") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief — up to 5.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Widespread appeal
by 1921 fascism was anti-communist/anti-trade union/anti-socialist/nationalist and thus became attractive to the middle and upper classes
Fascism became conservative/appealed to family values/supported church/monarchy
the Fascists were able to exploit the anger of various different sections of Italian society at the post war peace settlement eg the failure to give Fiume to the Italians
The personal appeal of Mussolini
Mussolini attracted many with his oratory
Fascist propaganda presented Mussolini as a strong man who could save Italy
Mussolini was able to exploit his own humble background to present himself as a man of the people
Fascist opponents were weak
parliamentary government was weak – informal 'liberal' coalitions
Mussolini's political opponents were divided and this weakened them
the King gave in to Fascist pressure during the March on Rome/he failed to call Mussolini's bluff
Use of violence
Mussolini's Blackshirts terrorised the cities and provinces
destruction of opposition press severely weakened them
the murder of Matteotti intimidated potential opponents
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q57⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of Mussolini's economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) — then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A — Source A is from a book by a modern historian published in 2006.
By 1925 Fascist control of Italy was secure. The Battle for Grain began in 1925 and was a major attempt to promote Fascist power and national self-sufficiency. The government tried to boost grain production by giving farmers grants so that they could buy tractors, fertiliser and any other machinery necessary for wheat production. Farmers were also guaranteed a high price for the grain they produced.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Evaluate the usefulness · Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
📄Content — what the source says
🚫Omission — what the source leaves out
✍️Author — who wrote it
🕐Timing — when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X also says “_____”. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.✓ 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
💡You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Historian — Useful because he is well informed/an expert
Type of Source: Book — Useful because it will have been well researched
Purpose: To inform — Useful because it contains details of aspects of life in Fascist Italy
Timing: 2006 — Useful because it will have been written with the benefit of hindsight
Points from the source
The Battle for Grain began in 1925 and was a major attempt to promote Fascist power and national self-sufficiency — Useful because it is accurate, the Fascist regime constantly sought propaganda opportunities
The government tried to boost grain production by giving farmers grants so that they could buy tractors, fertiliser and any other machinery necessary for wheat production — Useful because it is accurate, the Fascists were willing to intervene directly in the economy when they felt this was necessary
Farmers were also guaranteed a high price for the grain they produced — Useful because it is accurate, the Fascists were willing to intervene directly in the economy when they felt this was necessary
Points of significant omission
initially, under de Stefani, economic policy limited spending in order to control inflation.
the currency was revalued in the "battle for the lira."
tariffs were placed on many foreign imports.
corporations composed of workers, bosses and Fascist trade unions were set up in each sector of the economy.
public works schemes were used to build motorways.
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Explain6 marks2015Q58⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why Mussolini was able to crush opposition in Fascist Italy.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
many opponents of the regime were murdered which removed potential rivals
some opponents were sent to concentration camps which scared people
opponents were denied a platform for their views as political activity outside of the Fascist Party was banned
censorship made it difficult to oppose Mussolini
the banning of trade unions removed another potential source of opposition
opponents were spied upon by the Secret Police
the rewards given to loyal journalists and academics discouraged opposition
the Lateran Agreements neutralised opposition from the Catholic Church
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Describe5 marks2014Q1⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Describe Mussolini's foreign policy up to 1939.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Describe · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A second words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A third words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was …✓ 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
Mussolini aimed to make Italy a great power/wanted control of Mediterranean
Mussolini wanted to expand Italy's colonial empire in Africa/increase Italian influence in the Balkans
In 1924 Mussolini took control of the Yugoslavian port of Fiume
Wished to appear as a statesman in early years eg Locarno 1925
Mussolini supported King Zog in Albania (by signing a Treaty of Friendship in 1926 Mussolite made Albania into an Italian satellite state)
Mussolini funded Croat nationalists in order to create trouble for Yugoslavia
Mussolini settled the border dispute with Britain over Libya and Egypt
Mussolini aided Dolfuss in order to provide a bulwark against Nazi aggression
In 1935 concluded Stresa Front with France and Britain (wished to be recognised as a great power)
Launched attack on Ethiopia
Intervened in Spanish Civil War
Agreed Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan and Germany in 1937
Posed as mediator at Munich Conference Sept 1938
Invaded Albania in 1939
Pact of Steel with Germany concluded May 1939
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain5 marks2014Q2⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Explain the reasons why many Italians were unhappy with Mussolini's economic policies.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Explain · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
Many were unhappy when trade unions were outlawed
Revaluation of the lira in 1927 led to decline in exports, causing discontent
Increase in unemployment 1926-28. By 1933 unemployment had reached 2 million, causing unpopularity
High tariffs restricted imports, so people unhappy
Real wages fell, so people unhappy
Sick pay and paid holidays were not introduced until 1938, so people were unhappy
The failure to make Italy self-sufficient - embarrassment/unpopularity
As part of the Battle For Grain land in central and southern regions was turned over to wheat production despite being unsuitable (traditional agricultural exports declined), unpopular in these areas
Increasing government control of industry was resented
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q3⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
How fully does Source A describe the use of propaganda in Fascist Italy?
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) — then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the use of propaganda in Fascist Italy.
Mussolini had long experience in the newspaper business and so he knew a thing or two about how to make effective propaganda. Mussolini's press office issued official versions of events which all the newspapers were expected to publish without question. The radio and cinema were also used to broadcast Fascist propaganda. News bulletins broadcast a daily diet of Mussolini's speeches and praised him as the saviour of Italy. The media played a very crucial role in the cult of “Il Duce.”
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
How fully · Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission — your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.✓ needed for full marks
Source X says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says “direct quote” which meant that …✓ 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesn’t mention fact which meant that …✓ 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
💡Use the source AND recall.
💡Quote and then explain — show you understand it, don’t just repeat it.
💡You must make a judgement (e.g. “the source partly explains…”) or you are capped at 2 marks.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
Mussolini's press office issued official versions of events which all the newspapers were expected to publish without question
The radio and the cinema were also used to broadcast Fascist propaganda
News bulletins broadcast a daily diet of Mussolini's speeches and praised him as the saviour of Italy
The media played a crucial role in the cult of “Il Duce”
Points of significant omission
Mussolini started a new calendar with Year 1 beginning in 1922
The regime made propagandist feature films
The Duce was shown as a great athlete and musician (cult of personality)
Brainwashing/indoctrination of young at school/textbooks or youth groups
The newspapers suggested that Mussolini was infallible
An image of youthfulness was portrayed by not referring to Mussolini's age or the fact he wore glasses/usually seen in uniform
It was said that Mussolini worked 16 hour days - his light was left on after he had gone to bed to maintain this fiction
Use of RC church to support Fascists policies eg against communism at home or in Spain
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q4⏳ Older formatMussolini and Fascist Italy, 1919–1939
Compare the views of Sources B and C on opposition to Mussolini.
WFQ = words from the question — reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2–3 points of comparison — either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence — tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about opposition to Mussolini.
The Fascists used terror and violence, but for the most part this was not necessary. Unpopular groups like the Communists and Socialists were treated brutally. Fascist policies benefited the rich to ensure their support. The signing of the Lateran agreement in 1929 was important in winning the support of Catholics. There was some opposition in the army but this was never carried out in a coordinated way.
Source C
Sources B and C are about opposition to Mussolini.
While there was opposition to the Fascists, this never really posed a threat to the government. While some army generals opposed Mussolini, others liked his aggressive attitude. Mussolini changed his policy towards the Roman Catholic Church. This new close relationship with the church reduced the threat of opposition from Catholics. Big businessmen and landowners supported a regime which always seemed to be on their side.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
🐀 RAT sheet — how to structure your answer▾
Compare the views · Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.✓ 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says “direct quote” and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says “direct quote”.✓ 1–2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
💡One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
✓ Reveal marking scheme▾
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions — other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources agree that there was a limited opposition to the regime
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Fascist policies benefited the rich to ensure their support.
Source C: Big businessmen and landowners supported a regime which always seemed to be on their side.
agree
Source B: The signing of the Lateran agreement in 1929 was important in winning the support of Catholics.
Source C: This new close relationship with the church reduced the threat of opposition from Catholics.
agree
Source B: There was some opposition in the army, but this was never carried out in a coordinated way
Source C: While some army generals opposed Mussolini others liked his aggressive attitude.
