The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
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How fully6 marks2026Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why William was able to consolidate his power after 1066?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains the reasons why William was able to consolidate his power after 1066.
After the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror took steps to extend his power throughout England. William had Norman administrators take over important positions, which meant he had complete control over the government. William introduced a high level of taxation, which gave him more money to extend his power. The northern border was secured when King Malcolm of Scotland recognised William as King of England at a meeting in 1072. The construction of Motte and Bailey castles secured towns and allowed William to impose his authority over the people.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
Explain6 marks2026Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why there were quarrels between Archbishop Thomas Becket and Henry II.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
Describe4 marks2026Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe the life and duties of priests and monks.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
Compare the views4 marks2026Q29The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the importance of the Church in society including the feudal system.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the importance of the Church in society including the feudal system.
Hierarchy and land ownership were important parts of the feudal structure, which dominated medieval Europe. The feudal system ensured that the Church were consistently loyal to the monarch as it secured their position. The Church embraced their military obligations and bishops were enthusiastic in inviting knights to their lands. Lords and barons supported the Church's role in the feudal system and the vast estates which the Church controlled.
Source C
The feudal system had many flaws and there were many examples of resistance to it throughout the medieval period. The nobility often resented the Church's wealth and influence gained as a result of their status as large landowners. Despite this, many in the Church resented the feudal system as it could undermine their authority in favour of the monarch. Church leaders were frustrated at having to give away their land to knights.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q30The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of what happened during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2016.
The Peasants' Revolt in 1381 was a violent rejection of the feudal system and was sparked by the introduction of the poll tax in 1377. When a tax collector arrived in a village in Essex the peasants refused to pay their poll tax. This opposition spread to surrounding villages in Kent and peasants started their march towards London. The group of peasants was led by a man named Wat Tyler. The Peasants' Revolt was a serious threat to the power of the monarchy.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
To what extent9 marks2025Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent were the mistakes made by Harold II the main reason why the Normans won the Battle of Hastings in 1066?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with valid judgement, reason in support of the judgement).
Mistakes made by Harold II
Harold rushed to fight William when he wasn't prepared
Harold's remaining army was battle weary from Stamford Bridge
Harold had to rebuild his army with peasants and farmers
Harold marched his tired army a long distance to meet William, for example, around 190 miles south
William's leadership
William had fought in many battles in France and was an experienced leader
his army was better equipped with archers and cavalry
William raided towns in England so his army were well fed and rested
William boosted morale by lifting his helmet in battle to show he was still alive
the false retreat by the Normans weakened the English wall
Favourable circumstances
wind direction in the Channel meant William didn't arrive in summer where he would have faced a larger English army
Harald Hardrada's invasion happened just before William's, which meant Harold had to face two enemies at the same time
Harold was killed in battle which reduced English morale
How fully6 marks2025Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source A describe the events of the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the events of the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket.
For years, King Henry II and Archbishop Thomas Becket had been in dispute over control and the running of the Church. In 1170, four knights sailed from France, with the task of killing the Archbishop. After their arrival, the knights chased Becket, who ran into Canterbury Cathedral. One knight struck Becket while he lay on the altar. The remaining knights then attacked and slaughtered him on the cathedral floor. Pilgrims soon transformed the cathedral into a shrine to honour the Archbishop.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
In 1170, four knights sailed from France, with the task of killing the archbishop. β Four knights travelled from France to kill Becket.
After their arrival, the knights chased Becket, who ran into Canterbury Cathedral. β Becket was chased into the cathedral by the knights.
One knight struck Becket while he lay on the altar. β Becket was attacked at the front of the cathedral.
The remaining knights then attacked and slaughtered him on the cathedral floor. β Becket was killed by the knights.
Points of significant omission
King Henry reportedly gave the instruction for Becket to be killed
the knights arrived on 29 December
the knights tried to drag Becket outside to avoid killing him in the cathedral
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2025Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the importance of the Church in medieval society.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a chronicle written by a monk in 1137.
Through a harsh winter, the Church provided food for the people in the community who would have otherwise starved. This was because charity was rarely provided by the Crown. Many people in the village also rented farmland from the Church, which owned significant estates. People often struggled to afford the rents they were charged. Others in the village were employed by the Church as labourers and they received a regular wage for working on the land.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: a monk β Useful as an eyewitness to the important role of the Church.
Type of Source: chronicle β Useful as it is a written account which provides detail of the importance of the Church.
Purpose: to record β Useful as key events would be included to document the importance of the Church.
Timing: 1137 β Useful as it is from the time when the Church was important.
Content
Through a harsh winter, the Church provided food for the people in the community who would have otherwise starved. β Useful as it is accurate (the Church provided charity for people in the form of food).
Many people in the village also rented farmland from the Church, which owned significant estates. β Useful as it is accurate (the Church rented land to the people).
Others in the village were employed by the Church as labourers and they received a regular wage for working on the land. β Useful as it is accurate (the Church employed people).
Points of significant omission
the Church performed key ceremonies to celebrate people's lives
the Church provided education for young boys
the Church taught people how to be good Christians
key figures in the Church would act as advisors to the King
Explain6 marks2025Q29The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why the Black Death had an impact on medieval society.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
large numbers of the population died, for example, one third died
some families struggled to make a living
peasants demanded higher wages because there were fewer of them to do the work
farms were left abandoned as peasants moved to seek higher wages
the feudal system collapsed as peasants left their lord's land
some peasants were able to buy their freedom from their lord due to the increase in wages
tension increased between landowners and peasants as the Statute of Labourers prevented wages from increasing
anti-Semitism increased as Jews were falsely blamed for the spread of the Black Death
lords improved working conditions and services to prevent their labourers from leaving
slump in trade between counties had an impact on the national and local economies
wars were put on hold due to the lack of soldiers to fight
Describe4 marks2024Q21The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe Williamβs consolidation of power after 1066.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
William seized land from Anglo-Saxon landowners
William gave land to his followers
William built Motte and Bailey castles
William replaced any religious leaders who opposed him
William had Norman administrators take over government positions
William dealt with rebellion severely, for example, the harrying of the North
William ordered officials to count his possessions, for example, the Domesday book
To what extent9 marks2024Q22The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How important was Henry IIβs treatment of his sons as a reason for the Great Rebellion, 1173β1174?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured presentation, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Henry IIβs treatment of his sons
Henry IIβs children had titles but wanted more power
young Henry wanted more power and land as he was to become king
young Henry was jealous of his brothers who had been given land and titles from their father, for example, John given 3 castles, Richard given Aquitaine, Geoffrey given Brittany
Relationship with Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor was jealous of Henry IIβs infidelity so wanted to reduce his power
some of Eleanorβs lands in France had been taken away without consulting her, for example, Gascony
she had influence over her sons and encouraged their rebellion
Other leaders
Louis VIIβs influence over young Henry (father-in-law to Young Henry) encouraging him to rebel
Louis VII wanted to reduce the power of the Angevin dynasty as Henry II had more land and power than him
William the Lion wanted to regain the lands David had lost to Henry II
Baronial Policy
barons were angered by Henry IIβs policies which limited their power
Compare the views4 marks2024Q23The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Henry IIβs problems when he became king.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Henry IIβs problems when he became king.
Henry II faced many problems when he came to the throne. During the previous kingβs reign there had been many illegal castles built by barons without royal permission. Barons were also keeping fines collected from criminals instead of giving this money to the Crown. Henry II also had to deal with further issues. Some barons changed legal papers to support their claim that they were rightful heirs to lands which did not belong to them.
Source B
Sources A and B are about Henry IIβs problems when he became king.
When Henry II became the English king, the barons had much more power than him. Barons were using forged documents to claim landownership. Unlawful castles had been constructed and many barons refused to hand these over to the king. Barons also refused to pay over money to the king that they had collected through fines. These were not the only problems to trouble his rule.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the problems Henry II faced when he became king.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: During the previous kingβs reign there had been many illegal castles built by barons without royal permission.
Source B: Unlawful castles had been constructed and many barons refused to hand these over to the king.
agree
Source A: Barons were also keeping fines collected from criminals instead of giving this money to the Crown.
Source B: Barons also refused to pay over money to the king that they had collected through fines.
agree
Source A: Some barons changed legal papers to support their claim that they were rightful heirs to lands which did not belong to them.
Source B: Barons were using forged documents to claim landownership.
Explain6 marks2024Q24The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why religion was important to people in the medieval period.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
faith in God was central to peopleβs lives which was a comfort
the main function of the Church was to enable people to get to heaven where they would be in bliss with God forever
the Church conducted important ceremonies, for example, baptisms, marriages, funerals
the Church performed the last rites for the dying which was an important end to a religious life
the Church employed large numbers of people providing for the community
the Church stored tithes in case of harvest failure so people would still have food
the Church organised religious holidays for enjoyment, for example, saintsβ days and festivals
the Church provided education for boys as a career in the Church was seen as a noble profession
the Church was a political adviser to the king, which helped him maintain his rule
the Church maintained national security for the King by raising an army for the Crown
How fully6 marks2024Q25The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source C describe the growth of towns and trade in the medieval period?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the growth of towns and trade in the medieval period.
At the beginning of the medieval period most people lived in the countryside on the farms of landowners. By the 12th century, towns were growing around castles and monasteries. As more people began to live in towns, they became centres of trade and industry. Blacksmiths would make a range of goods to sell including clocks. Wool became the most popular item that was traded in medieval towns. This came from sheep that would graze on feudal lands. Agriculture was still important as an industry during this period.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
By the 12th century, towns were growing around castles and monasteries.
As more people began to live in towns, they became centres of trade and industry.
Blacksmiths would make a range of goods to sell including clocks.
Wool became the most popular item that was traded in medieval towns.
Points of significant omission
towns grew when farmers had surplus crops to sell
some towns became well known for selling specific goods, for example, weaving in York
towns could become independent of the Crown by purchasing a Royal Charter
towns grew near waterways or the coast to transport goods
markets selling overseas products grew in popularity which made towns grow
Describe4 marks2023Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe the Normanisation of Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
new burghs were founded, for example, Berwick and Roxburgh
Sheriffs would collect taxes
Sheriffs would hold local courts
roles of Chancellor and Chamberlain were introduced in the Royal Household
Norman nobles invited to settle in Scotland
royal charters were issued granting Norman nobility land
landholding in return for military service was introduced
building of castles as defensive strongholds
introduction of new monastic orders to Scotland, for example, Benedictine monks
Compare the views4 marks2023Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Battle of Hastings.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Battle of Hastings.
Although the English army had defeated the King of Norway, Harold Hardrada, they had suffered heavy losses. As a result, the English army that fought at Hastings was made up largely of untrained peasants. The exhausted and battle-weary English army marched to meet the Normans, just outside Hastings. The Norman forces were led by William, Duke of Normandy. The Normans pretended to retreat and successfully drew the English troops away from their defensive line.
Source B
The English army, led by King Harold, were energised and ready for battle. By the time the English army arrived at Hastings, it had been reinforced with trained knights. The English pushed the Normans back with their battle-axes and stalemate was reached. Some Normans fled because they heard a rumour that the Duke of Normandy had been killed and they were pursued by the English.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the Battle of Hastings.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: As a result, the English army that fought at Hastings was made up largely of untrained peasants.
Source B: By the time the English army arrived at Hastings, it had been reinforced with trained knights.
disagree
Source A: The exhausted and battle-weary English army marched to the Normans just outside Hastings.
Source B: The English army, led by King Harold, were energised and ready for battle.
disagree
Source A: The Normans pretended to retreat and successfully drew the English troops away from their defensive line.
Source B: Some Normans fled because they heard a rumour that the Duke of Normandy had been killed and they were pursued by the English.
Explain6 marks2023Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why there were quarrels between Henry II and Archbishop Thomas Becket.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Becket asserted the independence of the Church from the State which antagonised Henry
Becket resigned as Chancellor and Henry felt betrayed
Becket refused to sign the Constitution of Clarendon which angered Henry
Henry kept Becket prisoner for three days until he agreed to sign the Constitution of Clarendon
Becket left the Northampton Trial which angered Henry
Henry charged Becket with contempt of court which intensified their conflict
Henry confiscated Becketβs lands which humiliated him
Becket fled to France without royal permission which made Henry feel betrayed
Henry refused to give Becket the royal kiss when they met in France which angered Becket
Henry asked the Archbishop of York, instead of Becket, to crown his son which insulted Becket
How fully6 marks2023Q29The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Church was important to people during the medieval period?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Church was important to people during the medieval period.
Life was often very tough for many people during the medieval period. The Church collected taxes from everyone which meant it could provide food if a harvest failed. Religion also provided a sense of purpose and belonging in communities which brought reassurance to people. An important aspect of religious life was death, and the Church administered the last rites for a dying person. The Church was also important to the King as it was able to provide important political advice.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Church collected taxes from everyone which meant it could provide food if a harvest failed. (The Church provided support for people in case of food shortages.)
Religion also provided a sense of purpose and belonging in communities which brought reassurance to people. (The Church was the focal point of the community.)
An important aspect of religious life was death, and the Church administered the last rites for a dying person. (The Church was present at the most significant points of peopleβs lives.)
The Church was also important to the King as it was able to provide important political advice. (The Church was able to advise the monarch.)
Points of significant omission
the Church would also hear confessions from people which was an important aspect of religious life
the Church would officiate other key life events such as marriages and baptisms
people celebrated Church Holy Days, for example, Saints Days and religious festivals such as Easter, Christmas
the Church was a major employer in the local community
the Church would provide a career for boys which was seen as important
as a major landowner it provided land to tenant farmers, collected rents
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q30(a)The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the impact of the Black Death on medieval society.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2007.
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic which reached England in 1348. The bacteria which caused this outbreak was carried by fleas and transferred to humans through contact with rats. Without as many peasants to work the land, those who survived demanded higher wages. Some peasants even left their home and their lordβs land in the search for higher wages. This led to disgruntled lords and relationships between landowners and peasants deteriorated following the Black Death.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they are a well-informed expert on the Black Death.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful because the issue will have been researched thoroughly.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it provides detailed information about the impact of the Black Death.
Timing: 2007 β Useful as it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Without as many peasants to work the land, those who survived demanded higher wages. β Useful because it is accurate (fewer people to work the land meant lords had to pay higher wages).
Some peasants even left their home and their lordβs land in the search for higher wages. β Useful because it is accurate (peasants would work for the highest wages they could find).
This led to disgruntled lords and relationships between landowners and peasants deteriorated following the Black Death. β Useful because it is accurate (landowners and peasants were at odds over wages following the Black Death).
Points of significant omission
one third of the population of England died as a result of the Black Death
villages became derelict with farms and homes abandoned
effects on agriculture, for example, livestock died; crops rotted in fields
the feudal system collapsed when people moved chasing higher wages
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q30(b)The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source E as evidence of the role of saints, relics and pilgrimage during the medieval period.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source E
Source E is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010.
Throughout the medieval period, people had deeply held beliefs about the correct way to live your life. The Church encouraged people to go on pilgrimage to visit special holy places called shrines. Pilgrims would pray to God and saints at these holy shrines once given access by the keeper of the shrine. Sometimes pilgrims would be allowed to touch or kiss holy relics but they would have to pay money to the keeper of the shrine.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they are a well-informed expert on saints, relics and pilgrimage.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful because the issue will have been researched before publication.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it has been written to explain the role of saints, relics and pilgrimage in the medieval period.
Timing: 2010 β Useful as it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The church encouraged people to go on pilgrimage to visit special holy places called shrines. β Useful because it is accurate (the church encouraged pilgrimage).
Pilgrims would pray to God and saints at these holy shrines once given access by the keeper of the shrine. β Useful because it is accurate (people would travel to shrines to worship).
Sometimes pilgrims would be allowed to touch or kiss holy relics but they would have to pay money to the keeper of the shrine. β Useful because it is accurate (the keeper of the shrine would charge people to touch or kiss relics).
Points of significant omission
people would visit shrines to pray for their sins
shrine keepers would give stamped badges to pilgrims
some pilgrims would travel abroad
pilgrims would travel in groups to prevent attacks from outlaws
How fully6 marks2022Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source A describe the Normanisation of Scotland?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the Normanisation of Scotland.
King David I was born on a date unknown in 1084 in Scotland. David I had spent much of his early life in England and Normandy. He was the youngest son of Malcolm III and became king in 1124. David I granted land to nobles who had been part of the Norman conquest. He created a new ruling elite in Scotland. In southern Scotland, a language developed that was similar to Old English, called Scots. Royal burghs were established which promoted trade in towns such as Roxburgh and Berwick.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
David granted land to nobles who had been part of the Norman conquest. (Land was given to Norman nobles to support David.)
He created a new ruling elite in Scotland. (David created a new elite to support him.)
In southern Scotland, a language developed that was similar to Old English, called Scots. (The Scots language developed in the south of Scotland.)
Royal burghs were established which promoted trade in towns such as Roxburgh and Berwick. (Royal burghs were set up to boost trade.)
Points of significant omission
David helped spread the Norman ideals of feudalism
castles were built and/or rebuilt
Scottish royal coinage was introduced
Abbeys were established, for example, Melrose in the Borders
new sheriffdoms were created that enabled the king to effectively administer royal lands
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in 1170.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a chronicle written by a monk in 1170
Source B is from a chronicle written by a monk in 1170.
Prior to the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, his relations with the king were increasingly strained. Henry II wanted an Archbishop who would reform the power of the Church in favour of himself. The Archbishop was told that four knights had arrived from the king who wanted to speak with him. One of the knights approached him, striking the Archbishop on the shoulder with his sword. After the first blow, the knights attacked and butchered him, scattering his brains across the floor.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: a monk β Useful as he would likely be honest about the events of the murder (as a churchman).
Type of Source: chronicle β Useful as it is a written record so it will be detailed. Less useful as it could be exaggerated.
Purpose: to inform β Useful because it contains a detailed account of the murder.
Timing: 1171 β Useful as it was written close to the time of the murder of Becket.
Content
The Archbishop was told that four knights had arrived from the king who wanted to speak with him. β Useful as accurate. (Four knights did enter the monastery to speak to Becket.)
One of the knights approached him, striking the Archbishop on the shoulder with his sword. β Useful as accurate. (A knight did strike Becket on the shoulder.)
After the first blow, the knights attacked and butchered him, scattering his brains across the floor. β Useful as accurate. (He was murdered and the top of his head was cut off.)
Points of significant omission
the knights demanded that Becket pardon the men he had excommunicated
the knights insisted that Becket attend a court to answer for his actions
Explain6 marks2022Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why the Church was important in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Church taught people how to be good Christians, giving people a sense of purpose in life
the Church heard confessions which gave people comfort
the Church carried out key ceremonies, which were important moments in people's lives, for example, baptisms, marriages
the Church performed last rites for the dying which was an important aspect of religious life
the Church kept tithes for villages in case of harvest failure which provided a level of security
the Church decided on holidays which provided people with enjoyment, for example, Church festivals and saint's days
the Church educated boys for a career in the church which was seen as a noble profession
the Church owed service to the king which was important as they raised an army for the king
the Church was an active political advisor to the king
the Church employed large numbers of people from the community
To what extent9 marks2022Q29(a)The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent was discontent over the Poll Tax the main reason for the Peasants' Revolt in 1381?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Poll Tax
the peasants were worried because they could not pay the new Poll Tax (which had been introduced in 1377, 1379 and 1381)
the peasants were angry with the 1381 Poll Tax because every person over 15 had to pay 4d per year
Resentment towards the government
King Richard II was still young for example, the peasants believed he was being badly advised by his commissioners
the peasants disliked the King's commissioners because they were enforcing the collection of new taxes, for example, in Essex and Kent
the peasants were tired of paying for the war with France
the peasants feared the French might invade as the war was going badly
Black Death
the peasants were unhappy because after 1351 no peasant could ever be paid more than he was before the Black Death, for example, the Statute of Labourers
the peasants were angry because since the Black Death not all had been able to buy their freedom from their lord
The Church
the peasants resented having to work on the Church's land for free
the peasants were angry when John Ball, a priest who supported them, was jailed
John Ball's speeches argued that the peasants should not be under control of the land, lords or churches
To what extent9 marks2022Q29(b)The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent was William's relationship with Edward the Confessor the main reason why William claimed a right to the English throne?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction (which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors).
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way (with knowledge being organised in support of different factors).
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary).
1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
Relationship with Edward
William supported Edward during the rebellion in England
William was related to Edward the Confessor through marriage
William claimed Edward had promised him the throne
Support from others
William received the support of the Pope prior to the invasion
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV supported William's claims
William felt God was on his side
William's ambitions/military success
William had been a successful leader in unifying Normandy
William had successfully dealt with threats from France while ruling Normandy
Actions of Harold Godwinson
William claimed that Harold had vowed to accept William as the rightful heir
William claimed Harold was unworthy of the throne because he had broken his oath
Explain6 marks2021Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why William I was able to consolidate power in England after 1066.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
William took land from Anglo-Saxons and gave it to his loyal followers, giving him a power base
Williamβs barons received land from the King and in return provided knights to fight in the Kingβs army, increasing his power
each Baron controlled his land on behalf of the King, extending the Crownβs authority
William introduced a level of taxation that was high, increasing the money that William could spend
William built Motte and Bailey castles throughout the kingdom, extending his control
after rebellion in Northumbria, William encouraged the βHarrying of the Northβ to deter further resistance
William also ordered the completion of the Domesday Book which gave him detailed information about his subjects thus extending his control
the Tower of London was built in the centre of the city as a symbol of his control
William travelled to Scotland in 1072 to visit King Malcolm, who agreed to recognise him as king, therefore securing the northern border
William dealt with any rebels severely (for example, mutilation and lifelong imprisonment) to deter further resistance
in 1086, William received an oath of loyalty from most of the major landowners in England, confirming his authority.
To what extent9 marks2021Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent was the growing authority of the Church Henry IIβs greatest problem when he became king in 1154?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement; 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Growing authority of church
churches were making their own laws which they used instead of the Kingβs laws
churchmen suspected of crimes were not tried under the Kingβs authority
Henryβs empire
the size of the empire made it difficult to govern
there was no common culture to keep the empire together
Corruption in the legal system
the law was different in every area across the empire
sheriffs were corrupt and could not be trusted by Henry
barons were keeping the fines collected from criminals, instead of giving them to the King
Power of the barons
barons had built illegal castles without royal permission during the civil war
barons were stealing land from their weaker neighbours and increasing their power
barons decided the law in their own area and as a result were very powerful
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons many went on religious pilgrimages during medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β from a chronicle written by a monk in St Albans in 1260
Source A is from a chronicle written by a monk in St Albans in 1260.
A man came to St Albans with a cross of wood that was made from the same cross on which Christ was crucified. It was a miserably poor church, but the monks saw this relic as the path to a richer church glorying in the name of God. Miracles began in the monastery, the dead were raised to life and the blind had their sight. People came to the church to pray to the relic for forgiveness.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author
a monk: Useful as he was a medieval monk and an eyewitness.
Type of Source
Chronicle: Useful as it is a detailed church record.
Purpose
To record: Useful because it was written to record reasons why people went on religious pilgrimages.
Timing
1260: Useful as it comes in the period when pilgrimages were popular.
Content
It was a miserably poor church, but the monks saw this relic as the path to a richer church glorying in the name of God: Useful as it is accurate (relics brought wealth from pilgrims).
Miracles began in the monastery, the dead were raised to life and the blind had their sight: Useful as it is accurate (many believed that relics had the power to heal).
People came to the church to pray to the relic for forgiveness: Useful as it is accurate (many believed that they would come closer to heaven by praying to relics).
Points of significant omission
pilgrimages were seen as a spiritual journey
indulgencies were given to some who went on pilgrimages
a common sentence for convicted criminals often came in the form of a forced pilgrimage
wealthy people sometimes preferred to pay others to go on a pilgrimage for them.
How fully6 marks2021Q29The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source B describe the Peasantsβ Revolt in 1381?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the Peasantsβ Revolt in 1381.
The Revolt was centred in the south-eastern counties and East Anglia, with minor disturbances in other areas. There had been many causes but the final straw had been the Poll Tax of 1381. The government of the young Richard II was surprised by the start of the Revolt in Essex. Around 30,000 peasants marched from Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk and Kent, and converged on London. During this attack on London, Wat Tyler was chosen as one of the leaders and met the King at Smithfield.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source, and up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Revolt was centred in the south-eastern counties and East Anglia, with minor disturbances in other areas
the government of the young Richard II was surprised by the start of the Revolt in Essex
around 30,000 peasants marched from Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk and Kent converged on London
during this attack on London, Wat Tyler was chosen as one of the leaders and met the King at Smithfield.
Points of significant omission
two government officials were beheaded by the peasant rebels
the rebels freed John Ball and he preached to them, saying that God intended people to be equal
on 13 June, someone opened the gates of London to the rebels
the rebels entered the city and attacked the houses of Richardβs advisers
at the meeting with the King at Smithfield, Wat Tyler was attacked by the Lord Mayor and later died
Richard II declared himself the peasantsβ king and leader, leading to the end of the Revolt.
Explain6 marks2019Q26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why William, Duke of Normandy, won the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
William's army were well trained professional soldiers and so were more experienced than the Anglo-Saxons
William had archers and cavalry and so were better equipped than the Anglo-Saxons
William's cavalry rode with saddles which helped them in the battle as it kept them on their horses
William had brought supplies with him from Normandy and so his army were well fed and rested before the battle
William had previously fought many battles in France and so was an experienced leader
Harold's army had only just fought the Battle of Stamford Bridge/had been forced to march a long distance and so were tired
Harold had lost many good soldiers at Stamford Bridge and was forced to replace them with farmers/peasants
William's army feigned retreat drawing the Anglo-Saxons from their defensive position, allowing the Normans to charge at them
death of Harold and his brothers meant there was no one to lead the Anglo-Saxons on the battlefield
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019 specimenQ26The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of William's attempts to control England after 1066.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a chronicle written by William's priest in 1077.
William went to various parts of his new kingdom. Wherever he went, the people surrendered to him. The remaining English Earls were confirmed in their lands and titles. There was limited resistance from the native population. To overcome this, his loyal Norman lords undertook a programme of castle building to maintain their hold on the kingdom. He gave rich fiefs to the men he had brought over from France but no Frenchman was given anything that had been unjustly taken from an Englishman.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect
Author: William's priest β Useful because he would have been an eyewitness/well placed to see what William was doing
Type of source: Chronicle β Useful because it was a detailed record of events
Purpose: To inform β Useful because it was written to inform about William's role in trying to control England/perhaps less useful because he would have been biased in favour of William
Timing: 1077 β Useful because it is a primary source written from the time William was attempting to bring England under his control
Content
The remaining English Earls were confirmed in their lands and titles. β Useful because it is accurate (William allowed the other English Earls to keep their land and titles)
β¦his loyal Norman lords undertook a programme of castle building to maintain their hold on the kingdom. β Useful because it is accurate (Norman lords built castles to strengthen their control of England)
He gave rich fiefs to the men he had brought over from Franceβ¦ β Useful because it is accurate (William did reward his loyal supporters who came over from France)
Points of significant omission
no mention of William's cruelty/military campaigns against the Saxons/βHarrying of the Northβ following rebellion there
severe taxation was applied
replacing Saxon lords killed at Hastings with Norman barons
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the actions taken by William I to conquer England after 1066.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1965
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1965.
William was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey on Christmas day in 1066. Almost immediately, he left London and began travelling around England. Firstly William attacked Canterbury and burnt the church there, forcing the priest to flee. Then William sent his men to Exeter where he captured the town and killed many Anglo-Saxons. Everywhere he went, William forced the Anglo-Saxons to hand over their possessions. William was so cruel even the Normans were shocked by his behaviour.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: modern historian. Useful because he is a well-informed expert.
Type of Source: textbook. Useful as it is likely to have been thoroughly researched.
Purpose: to inform. Useful as it is intended to give a balanced account.
Timing: 1965. Useful because it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
First William attacked Canterbury and burnt the church there, forcing the priest to flee. Useful because it is accurate (William did attack Canterbury and destroy the church there).
Then William sent his men to Exeter where he captured the town and killed many men. Useful because it is accurate (William's men did wreak havoc in Exeter).
Everywhere he went William forced the Anglo-Saxons to hand over their possessions. Useful because it is accurate (William did take many possessions from the Anglo-Saxons).
Points of significant omission
William carried out the harrying of the North in 1069-1070
William built Motte and Bailey castles all over England to control vast areas of land
William seized land from Anglo-Saxon landowners/parcelled out land to his followers to control the country
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ27The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent was the corruption in the legal system the most important problem facing Henry II?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Corruption in the legal system
there was no uniform law in the kingdom/sheriffs decided the law in their local area
Sheriffs were corrupt/could not be trusted by the king
Barons held the office of sheriff and abused their position/had set up their own law courts
Barons were keeping the fines collected from criminals, instead of giving them to the king.
Barons had become too powerful during the civil war
castles had been built without the king's permission which increased the Barons' power/king's authority had been reduced
some Barons openly challenged Henry eg Earl of York, Scarborough Castle
Barons had private armies/hired mercenaries
Barons were stealing land from their weaker neighbours and increasing their power.
Henry ruled over a wide area
Henry ruled from the Pyrenees to the Scottish border a huge area which was difficult to control effectively
there was no common language or traditions in Henry's empire to help hold it together.
Authority of the Church increased
the Church had gained more power and its clergy were not tried in the king's court if they were suspected of a crime
Church courts had become powerful/were using their own laws instead of the kings.
How fully6 marks2019Q28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source B describe what happened during the Great Rebellion of 1173β1174?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes what happened during the Great Rebellion of 1173β1174.
In 1173, Henry II's sons led a rebellion against him by attacking their father's lands in France. Then they seized a number of key towns and castles in England. Henry was devastated by his sons' betrayal but he had to act quickly. In the north, the King of Scotland, William the Lion had attacked Northumbria and claimed it for himself. Elsewhere in Henry's kingdom, many of his supporters had either been captured or killed. Henry's sons were young and inexperienced but he still did not underestimate them.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Henry II's sons led a rebellion against him by attacking their father's lands in France
they seized a number of key towns and castles in England
the King of Scotland, William the Lion had attacked Northumbria and claimed it for himself
elsewhere in Henry's kingdom, many of his supporters had either been captured or killed
Points of significant omission
Henry attacked the rebels at Leicester/recaptured the city
Henry captured a number of barons and imprisoned them (for example Earls of Chester/Leicester)
Henry's army won the Battle of Fornham
Henry forced the King of Scotland to sign the Treaty of Falaise
Henry forgave his sons/released his prisoners
rebels had the support of the King of France Philip II
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ28The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why the Church was important in the Middle Ages.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
provided centres of worship for communities
offered support and comfort in difficult times/encouraged people not to give up/hope that life after death would be better
offered spiritual guidance on how to be a good Christian
provided guidelines/controlled how people should live their lives
carried out important rituals eg baptism, marriage, last rites
the Church was a place of education and was used to train boys who wished to become priests
kept one third of its tithe/crops to give to the parish in times of need
canon law had a major impact on people's lives eg whom you could marry, holidays, no red meat on Fridays
had political power - it could excommunicate a king or place a country under interdict
had great economic importance; it owned land and made a profit from this
held its own court and enforced Canon Law
employed large number of people from the local community.
Describe4 marks2019Q29The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe the role of the Church in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
church provided spiritual support and comfort in difficult times
taught people how to be good Christians by hearing confessions/issued penance
carried out key ceremonies (for example baptism/marriage/funerals)
educated boys/trained them for a career in the Church
was part of the feudal system (for example owed service to the King/gave land to Peasants/Knights)
was active politically (for example Clergy often acted as advisors to the King)
made a contribution to the economy (for example wool trade)
provided services which were unavailable elsewhere (for example monastic infirmaries/alms for the poor)
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ29The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source B describe the effects of the Black Death on England? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes the effects of the Black Death on England.
One in three of the population of England died. If the same proportion of people killed by the Black Death in England were affected today, then about 17 million people would die. Lords, who relied on their peasants to farm their land, became desperate to retain them. This meant Lords were forced to pay more to keep each peasant on their land. The labour shortage meant they were in greater demand, so some peasants left their own Lord's land in search of higher pay elsewhere.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
one in three of the population of England died
Lords, who relied on their peasants to farm their land, became desperate to retain them
Lords were forced to pay more to keep each peasant on their land
some peasants left their own Lord's land in search of higher pay elsewhere.
Points of significant omission
Black Death led to a lack of shepherds/farm workers/labourers
some villages became derelict
disastrous effects on agriculture eg animals died, crops rotted in the fields
trade was seriously interrupted
affected the attitudes of survivors eg less deferential towards the church
led to worsening relations between peasants and landowners.
Compare the views4 marks2019Q30The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Compare the views of Sources C and D about what happened during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about what happened during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.
Wat Tyler approached the King and dismounted from his horse. To everyone's amazement, Tyler refused to bow to the King and instead stood his ground. Despite this insult, the King promised Tyler all his wishes would be granted and told him to go home. At that moment, Tyler insulted the Mayor of London who had been standing with the King. The Guard drew his dagger and stabbed Tyler several times. Tyler was killed instantly.
Source D
Wat Tyler spoke threateningly to the king from his horse and blocked his path so he could not leave. When the Mayor of London saw this he feared the king might be killed and so attempted to arrest Tyler. Without warning Tyler lunged at the Mayor and cut him. The Mayor quickly got to his feet and clubbed Tyler on the head. Tyler attempted to flee on his horse but collapsed and died much later.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about what happened during the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: Wat Tyler approached the king and dismounted from his horse.
Source D: Wat Tyler spoke threateningly to the king from his horse.
disagree
Source C: The Guard drew his dagger and stabbed Tyler several times.
Source D: The Mayor quickly got to his feet and clubbed Tyler on the head.
disagree
Source C: Tyler was killed instantly.
Source D: Tyler attempted to flee on his horse but collapsed and died soon after.
Describe4 marks2018Q21The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe the feudal system in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the king kept some land for himself and gave the rest to the nobility/other important members of society
barons received land from the king and in return provided knights to fight in the kingβs army
knights received land from the barons and in return fought for the king on behalf of the barons
peasants received some land and in return worked on their overlordβs land/or provided other services
barons had to pay homage for their land
knights could pay money to their lord instead of providing military service (eg Scutage)
the Church was also part of the feudal system and could be asked to provide services in return for land.
Compare the views4 marks2018Q22The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the murder of Archbishop Becket in 1170.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the murder of Archbishop Becket in 1170.
On the evening of December 29th, four knights arrived at Canterbury Cathedral and demanded to see Archbishop Becket. The knights attempted to arrest Becket but he refused to leave, claiming he was ready to die for God. Becket was dragged from the altar and in the scuffle that followed, was attacked by the knights. Then in an act of horror, one of the knights drew his sword and sliced off the crown of Becketβs head.
Source B
The knights attempted to seize Archbishop Becket but he would not move, stating he was willing to be a martyr for the Church. The Canterbury monks gathered around Becket and tried to protect him, but they were forced back by the knights. Becket was thrown to the floor and assaulted by the knights. To make sure he was dead, one of the knights held Becket down and cut off the top of his head.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by a combination of these).
Overall: Overall the sources agree about the violent murder of Archbishop Becket.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: The knights attempted to arrest Becket but he refused to leave, claiming he was ready to die for God.
Source B: The knights attempted to seize Archbishop Becket but he would not move, stating he was willing to be a martyr for the Church.
agree
Source A: Becket was dragged from the altar and in the scuffle that followed, was attacked by the knights.
Source B: Becket was thrown to the floor and assaulted by the knights.
agree
Source A: (In an act of horror) one of the knights drew his sword and sliced off the crown of Becketβs head.
Source B: To make sure he was dead, one of the knights held Becket down and cut off the top of his head.
How fully6 marks2018Q23The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source C explain why monasteries were important in medieval times?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains why monasteries were important in medieval times.
During medieval times, monasteries played a vital role in the wool trade, creating work for people and boosting the economy. Monasteries were also centres of learning, especially for boys preparing for a career in the Church. Although some monasteries were built far away from local communities, they were never isolated as pilgrims often stayed there overnight. The sick were also frequent visitors, hoping to be treated at the monastic infirmary. Monasteries were so important that it was not until after the 14th century that they became less popular.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
monasteries played a vital role in the wool trade (creating work for people and boosting the economy)
monasteries were also centres of learning (especially for boys preparing for a career in the Church)
pilgrims often stayed there overnight
the sick were also frequent visitors (hoping to be treated at the monastic infirmary)
Points of significant omission
key places of worship (eg prayed for the souls of the dead)
monastic libraries held chronicles which were of great historical importance
monastic fields were used to grow herbs for medicine/only source of medical treatment for many people
monasteries involved in developing other industries (eg brewing, fishing)
Explain6 marks2018Q24The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why towns grew in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
the increase in population meant there was a greater demand for manufactured goods made in towns
the workforce needed somewhere to live and so moved to towns
peasants moved to towns because they could improve their social position there
towns were supported by kings which helped them to grow (eg right to hold a market)
kings/barons could levy taxes and obtain cash from them and so encouraged their growth
towns were supported by barons which helped them to grow (eg did not stop peasants from moving there/rented land instead)
towns were attractive to people because it was safer to live together inside a townβs walls
towns were attractive to merchants who moved there so they could set up guilds.
To what extent9 marks2018Q25The Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent was the Black Death the main reason for the Peasantsβ Revolt in 1381?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors).
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structure, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Black Death
the peasants were unhappy because the Statute of Labourers law in 1351 said that no peasant could ever be paid more than he was before the Black Death
the peasants were angry because since the Black Death some peasants had been able to buy their freedom from their lord but many were still villeins and were not free
The Hundred Yearsβ War
England had been at war with France for nearly 50 years (the peasants were tired of paying for the war)
the war had been going badly since 1369, the peasants feared the French might invade
King Richard II
King Richard II was still young (the peasants believed he was being badly advised by his commissioners)
the peasants disliked the Kingβs commissioners because they were enforcing the collection of new taxes (eg in Essex and Kent)
poll taxes
the peasants were worried because they could not pay the new poll taxes (which had been introduced in 1377, 1379 and 1381)
the peasants were angry with the 1381 poll tax because every person over 15 had to pay 4d
the Church
the peasants resented having to work on the Churchβs land for free
the peasants were angry when John Ball, a priest who supported them, was jailed
Explain6 marks2017Q21β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why David I was influenced by the Normans during his reign.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
David's mother Margaret was English/from a Saxon family which experienced Norman rule
David's sister was married to the King of England, Henry I
David spent part of his childhood in the royal court in England
David was married to an Anglo-Norman heiress (Matilda of Huntingdon)
David took part in Anglo-Norman ceremonies (eg was made a knight by Henry I)
David had many friends who were Anglo-Norman barons
David had land in England (eg Northampton/Huntingdon/Bedford)
To what extent8 marks2017Q22β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent were illegal castles Henry II's greatest problem when he became king in 1154?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to support factors (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks: 1 mark for a structured answer with knowledge organised in support of different factors; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark for a reason provided in support of the judgement.
Illegal castles
Barons had built illegal castles without royal permission during the civil war
some Barons refused to hand the castles over to Henry (eg The Earl of York/Scarborough castle)
Illegal armies
Barons had hired mercenaries to fight for them/protect their land
illegal armies threatened Henry's control
Corrupt sheriffs
some sheriffs had been keeping fines paid by criminals instead of paying them to the king
some sheriffs had been accepting bribes from criminals
No common law
the law was different in every area across Henry's kingdom
Barons decided the law in their own area and as a result were very powerful
Land theft
some Barons were stealing land from their weaker neighbours
some Barons forged documents making false claims that they were the rightful heir to land
Large empire
Henry had a large empire (eg Scotland to the Pyrenees and could not be everywhere at once)
Henry's empire did not share many customs or traditions making it difficult to govern
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2017Q23β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons for the failure of the Peasants' Revolt.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a chronicle, written by a monk in 1381.
King Richard II was eager to end the revolt and so agreed to meet the peasants. Whilst at the meeting, a fight broke out and the peasants' leader, Wat Tyler was killed. The peasants immediately took up their weapons to fight but the king rode toward them and persuaded them to put their weapons away. The king promised the peasants that they would be treated fairly and so they agreed to go home.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: Monk β Useful because he would have been well placed to receive information/perhaps less useful because he is not an eyewitness
Type of Source: Chronicle β Useful because it was a detailed record of events
Purpose: To inform β Useful because it was written to inform us about the king's role in ending the Peasants' Revolt/perhaps less useful because it is biased in favour of the king
Timing: 1381 β Useful because it was written at the time of the Peasants' Revolt
Points from the source
The peasants' leader, Wat Tyler was killed β Useful because it is accurate (Wat Tyler did die during the Peasants' Revolt)
The king rode toward them (peasants) and persuaded them to put their weapons away β Useful because it is accurate (the king was successful in getting the peasants to lay down their arms)
The king promised the peasants that they would be treated fairly and so they agreed to go home β Useful because it is accurate (the king did manage to persuade the peasants to disperse)
Explain5 marks2016Q16β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why William, Duke of Normandy, claimed he had a right to the English throne.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
William was related to Edward the Confessor through marriage
William claimed Edward had promised him the throne
William had supported Edward during rebellion in England/had supplied Edward with soldiers to put down the revolt
Harold Godwinson had sworn an oath to accept William as the rightful heir
Harold had seized the throne/broken his oath/this made him unworthy to be king
William had also received the support of the Pope before his invasion
William felt God was on his side after his victory at Hastings
Compare the views4 marks2016Q17β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Compare the views of Sources A and B about how William I dealt with rebellion.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about how William I dealt with rebellion.
When Williamβs army reached York it brutally crushed the rebellion. Every home and farmland was burnt and all livestock destroyed. So many people were massacred that their bodies filled the streets. William made no attempt to control his anger and punished everyone whether they were innocent or guilty. Within weeks the whole of Yorkshire had become a wasteland. The few who had survived now faced starvation.
Source B
William marched north with an army of experienced soldiers. Hundreds of people were slaughtered when Williamβs men went from village to village to end the uprising. Crops were set on fire, herds of animals were slaughtered and supplies of food ruined. Whole families died of hunger as a result of Williamβs harsh actions. The north never rebelled again and William was able to spend his time dealing with problems elsewhere in his kingdom.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks.
Overall: The sources agree about the way William dealt with rebellion
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Every home and farmland was burnt and all livestock destroyed
Source B: Crops were set on fire, herds of animals were slaughtered and supplies of food ruined
agree
Source A: So many people were massacred that their bodies filled the streets
Source B: Hundreds of people were slaughtered
agree
Source A: The few who had survived now faced starvation
Describe5 marks2016Q18β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe the actions taken by Henry II to increase his power when he became king in 1154.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
Henry knocked down any castles built illegally by the barons
Henry sent the baronsβ armies home
Henry introduced the exchequer (eg Nigel of Ely)
Henry introduced new laws to deal with crime (eg The Assize of Clarendon/Northampton)
Henry introduced new laws to deal with land (eg The Novel Disseisin)
Henry introduced the jury system/trial by ordeal
Henry sacked corrupt sheriffs
Henry prevented barons from becoming sheriffs
Henry introduced key officials (eg Justices in Eyre)
Henry appointed his sons to control other parts of his kingdom
How fully6 marks2016Q19β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source C explain why the Church was important in medieval times?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains why the Church was important in medieval times.
Harvest failure and disease meant life was often short and brutal for medieval people. The Church offered support and comfort during difficult times and encouraged people not to give up. Every Sunday, priests preached about the afterlife and taught people how to be good Christians. Priests also heard confessions and issued penance for those who wanted their sins forgiven. In this way the Church was able to control the way people behaved in society allowing most communities to live in peace.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
offered support and comfort in difficult times/encouraged people not to give up
taught people how to be good Christians
heard confessions/issued penance
controlled the way people behaved
Points of significant omission
carried out key ceremonies (eg baptism/marriage/funeral)
performed last rites for the dying
kept tithes for villages in case of harvest failure
identified holidays
educated boys/trained them for a career in the Church
was part of the feudal system/owed service to the king
was active politically (eg clergy often acted as advisors to the king)
employed large number of people from the community
Describe5 marks2015Q21β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Describe the role of a baron in medieval times.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
barons took an oath of fealty/promised to be loyal and serve the king
barons provided knights for the kingβs army
barons were an important part of the feudal system eg gave land to knights/peasants
barons protected those who lived on their land
barons were members of the kingβs council/helped him govern the country
barons helped enforce law and order at local level
trusted barons became sheriffs and collected fines and taxes for the king
Explain5 marks2015Q22β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why Henry II and Archbishop Becket quarrelled.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Henry felt betrayed by the behaviour of his former close friend eg Becket resigned as chancellor
Becket disagreed with Henry over the issue of Criminous Clerks
Becket refused to sign the Constitution of Clarendon
Henry kept Becket imprisoned for 3 days until the document was signed
Becket failed to appear at the Northampton Trial
Henry charged Becket with contempt of court
Henry humiliated Becket and confiscated his lands/Henry accused him of fraud
Becket fled to France without the Kingβs permission
Becket appealed to the Pope/continued to defend the rights of the Church
Henry refused to give Becket the royal kiss when they met in France
Henry asked the Archbishop of York, instead of Becket, to crown his son
Becket excommunicated the Archbishop of York and the bishops involved in the coronation
How fully5 marks2015Q23β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
How fully does Source A describe the duties of a monk in medieval times?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the duties of a monk.
Early in the morning all monks met in the chapter house. When not attending church services, monks were expected to carry out hard physical labour in the field or herb garden. Well-educated monks studied the Bible or spent hours copying and illuminating books. Although monks lived in isolation, they often supported their local community by collecting alms and caring for the poor. Monks also provided the only medical help available at the time, looking after the sick in the monasteryβs infirmary.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of relevant parts of the source where at least one point of significant omission is also identified.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
monks were expected to carry out hard physical labour in the field or herb garden
well-educated monks studied the bible/spent hours copying and illuminating books
monks supported their local community by collecting alms and caring for the poor
monks provided the only medical help available at the time, looking after the sick in the monasteryβs infirmary
Points of significant omission
monks prayed for the souls of the dead
monks educated boys/prepared them for a career in the Church
monks looked after pilgrims who stayed at the monastery
monks were involved in politics eg wrote charters
monks ran monastic farms/reared sheep
monks were involved in the fishing industry eg built harbour at Arbroath
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2015Q24β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the symptoms of the Black Death.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a book written by a doctor in 1350.
The first sign of death was a swelling called a buboe, under the armpit or in the groin. Usually the swelling grew to the size of an egg or an apple and spread all over the body. Soon after, the victim began to vomit and developed a fever. This was followed by the appearance of black and purple spots on the arms or thighs. No doctor could cure this terrible disease and so thousands died.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks each may be given for comments relating to the content of the source and to points of significant omission.
Author: Doctor
Useful because he was an eyewitness/expert to the symptoms of the Black Death
Type of Source: Book
Useful because it will have been well researched
Purpose: To inform
Useful because it gives a detailed description of how terrible the symptoms of the Black Death were
Timing: 1350
Useful because it was written at the time of the Black Death
Content
The first sign of death was a swelling called a buboe under the armpit or in the groin β Useful because it gives accurate details of the symptoms of the Black Death
Soon after, the victim began to vomit and developed a fever β Useful because it gives accurate details of the symptoms of the Black Death
This was followed by the appearance of black and purple spots on the arms or thighs β Useful because it provides accurate information on what happened next
To what extent8 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
To what extent was William I's leadership the main reason why the Normans won the Battle of Hastings?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks should be given for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, with knowledge being organised in support of different factors; 1 mark given for a valid judgement or overall conclusion; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the conclusion.
William's leadership skills
William was experienced in battle and had previously defeated the French king
William feigned retreat during the battle tricking the Anglo-Saxons
William's superior army
William's army was well trained and wore chain mail armour
William's cavalry rode specially bred horses. The horses also had a saddle on them keeping the knights in position and allowing them to fight
William had brought supplies with him from Normandy and so his army was well fed and rested
Harold's inferior army
Harold's army was a mixture of professional soldiers/bodyguards and ordinary men
The army was not as well trained as the Normans
Death of Harold and his brothers meant there was no clear leadership during the battle
Harold's army were tired
Harold's army had only just fought the Battle of Stamford Bridge
Harold's army had been forced to march quickly to the south to meet the Normans
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the rebellions faced by Henry II during his reign.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a chronicle written by a royal clerk in 1174.
Whilst Henry was dealing with problems elsewhere in his kingdom, the king of Scotland, William the Lion, rebelled and attacked Northumberland. William's army committed terrible crimes wherever they went. Women and children were slaughtered and priests murdered inside their own churches. Next William travelled to Carlisle. His army besieged the castle and, by cutting off their supplies, forced the English to make a treaty with the Scots.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Royal clerk β Useful because he was well placed to gather information
Type of Source: Chronicle β Useful because it was an official record of events
Purpose: To describe β Less useful as clearly biased description of rebellions/author may have exaggerated when describing the actions of the Scots
Timing: 1174 β At the time that Henry II was facing rebellion
Content
William rebelled and attacked Northumberland β Useful because it gives details of William's rebellion
Women and children were slaughtered/priests murdered inside their own churches β Less useful because it could be exaggerating what happened.
His army besieged the castle/by cutting off their supplies/forced the English to make a treaty with the Scots. β Useful because it provides details on what William did next.
Points of significant omission
Henry II's sons rebelled against him/the Great Rebellion 1173
Further rebellions by Henry's sons in 1183 and 1187
Explain6 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatThe Creation of the Medieval Kingdoms, 1066β1406
Explain the reasons why there was a Peasants Revolt in 1381.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Effects of the Black Death eg some peasants were free some were not
Peasants prevented from earning higher wages than they had before the Black Death eg 1351 Statute of Labour (ie wages were cut), so unhappy
Peasants' discontent with war with France
Peasants had been taxed in 1377, 1379 and 1381, so unhappy
1381 tax targeted new groups eg over 15s/craftsmen/women taxed whether they worked or not, which was resented
Peasants unhappy as wanted an end to forced labour/greater access to forests
Lack of faith in King Richard II who was a boy
Hatred of the King's advisor/allegations of corruption
Inspired by speakers who criticised the Church and monarchy eg John Ball/Waldergrave
