Explain6 marks2026Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why Scotland faced economic problems, 1689β1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
Compare the views4 marks2026Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the causes of tension between Scotland and England, 1689β1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the causes of tension between Scotland and England, 1689β1707.
On 5 November 1688, William of Orange landed at Brixham and marched his army towards London where he was crowned king. However, many Scots remained loyal to the Stuart cause following the Glorious Revolution. Scots were angered by the Act of Settlement, which declared that only Protestants could inherit the English throne. The Scottish Parliament passed the Act of Security asserting its right to choose a monarch independently of England.
Source B
After the Glorious Revolution, many Scots still wanted the old king, James Stuart, instead of William of Orange to rule. However, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, James returned to France in exile. The Scottish Parliament passed a law declaring it could select its own king without asking England. Some Scots were unhappy that the English Parliament would only accept a Protestant king.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
How fully6 marks2026Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source C describe the attitudes of the Scottish clergy to the Union?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the attitudes of the Scottish clergy to the Union.
Catholics opposed Union, as it secured the Hanoverian succession and they were loyal to the Stuart monarchy. Scottish Episcopalians were concerned that Presbyterianism would continue their dominance as Scotland's Church after Union. Presbyterian leaders convened to discuss matters in the 1706 General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Presbyterians were worried that Union would overturn their position as Scotland's state religion. The Presbyterian Church believed that Union may force a hierarchical structure, such as imposing bishops and royal control over the Church.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
To what extent9 marks2026Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent was corruption the most important reason why the Scots passed the Treaty of Union?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
Describe4 marks2026Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the economic effects of the Union on Scotland up to 1715.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2025Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the problems faced by the Darien Scheme.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2014.
Disease was a common feature of life in Darien and a wide variety of deadly ones affected newcomers, such as smallpox and malaria. However, the Scots were delighted with the site of their colony naming it New Caledonia. On their arrival the colonists were amazed by Darien's exotic natural beauty. It soon became apparent that tropical storms and flooding made it difficult to produce food. The limited trade between the Scots colonists and the local peoples made the issue of hunger worse.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful because it is written by an expert on the problems faced by the Darien Scheme.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful because it will have been well-researched on the problems faced by the Darien Scheme.
Purpose: to inform β Useful because it gives evidence of the problems faced by the Darien Scheme.
Timing: 2014 β Useful because it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Disease was a common feature of life in Darien and a wide variety of deadly ones affected newcomers, such as smallpox and malaria. β Useful because it is accurate (disease was a problem for the Scottish colonists).
It soon became apparent that tropical storms and flooding made it difficult to produce food. β Useful because it is accurate (tropical weather conditions made it difficult to survive).
The limited trade between the Scots colonists and the local peoples made the issue of hunger worse. β Useful because it is accurate (Scots found it difficult to trade for food).
Points of significant omission
poor planning meant that Scots had limited goods to trade
it was difficult for Scots to clear the jungle in the tropical heat
some Scots colonists tried to run away from the settlement
Spanish attacks made it difficult for the Scots to establish their colony
Scots were unable to use the support of the English colonies for supplies as they had been banned from offering help
Describe4 marks2025Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the economic problems in Scotland, 1689β1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
there were several famines and crop failures
there was a shortage of money in the form of coins as Scotland had limited access to gold and silver
there were high taxes put on Scottish exports
woollen cloth trade with France was banned
King William's wars abroad led to a higher tax burden on Scotland
wealthy Scots took on unsustainable debt to fund expensive lifestyles
failure of Darien Scheme crippled the Scottish economy
Compare the views4 marks2025Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the attitudes of Scots to the Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the attitudes of Scots to the Union.
Some Scots believed that Scotland's economy would improve after the Union as their industries would benefit. When passed through Parliament the article granting free trade passed with 156 to 19 votes in its favour. It was assumed that Scottish MPs being elected to the new British Parliament would increase Scottish influence over new laws. Religious Scots believed that the Union would secure the power of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland.
Source C
After Union, the Scots were concerned the economy would be under threat as English merchants could dominate Scottish industries. Many extreme Presbyterians believed that the Union would eventually lead to the reintroduction of bishops weakening the Presbyterian Church. Scottish MPs were worried that they would have limited power in Parliament as English MPs would make up the majority. This led to many Scots supporting the idea that a Federal Union would be a better alternative.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the attitudes of Scots to the Union.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source B: Some Scots believed that Scotland's economy would improve after the Union as their industries would benefit.
Source C: After Union the Scots were concerned the economy would be under threat as English merchants could dominate Scottish industries.
disagree
Source B: It was assumed that Scottish MPs being elected to the new British Parliament would increase Scottish influence over new laws.
Source C: Scottish MPs were worried that they would have limited power in Parliament as English MPs would make up the majority.
disagree
Source B: Religious Scots believed that the Union would secure the power of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland.
Source C: Many extreme Presbyterians believed that the Union would eventually lead to the reintroduction of bishops weakening the Presbyterian Church.
How fully6 marks2025Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source D explain the reasons why the Scots passed the Treaty of Union?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D explains the reasons why the Scots passed the Treaty of Union.
The Scottish Parliament feared that England intended war if Union did not pass because they had positioned troops at the border. Voting on Union commenced on 4 November, with votes being printed with the minutes. The opposition parties were not led well as Hamilton was often inconsistent in his opposition against Union. The Squadrone Volante held the balance of power, so their votes in support passed the Union. The Court Party managed to build up support for Union by starting debates about the most popular articles of the proposed treaty.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full explanation of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
The Scottish Parliament feared that England intended war if Union did not pass because they had positioned troops at the border. β There was a belief England would invade Scotland by military force if they did not accept Union.
The opposition parties were not led well as Hamilton was often inconsistent in his opposition against Union. β Hamilton was not a good opposition leader to Union.
The Squadrone Volante held the balance of power, so their votes in support passed the Union. β The Squadrone had the power to pass the articles of Union they supported.
The Court Party managed to build up support for Union by starting debates with the most popular articles in support of Union. β The most accepted terms of Union were debated first.
Points of significant omission
some MPs were promised promoted positions in the new British Parliament, so voted for Union
the Equivalent appeared to be compensation for taking on significant English debt, so improved the economic benefits of Union
the Scottish Commissioners were selected by the Queen to support Union, so managed the political process
Β£20,000 was supposedly sent as a bribe from the English treasury to keep support for the Union
Hamilton did not walk out of Parliament at an important point in the Union debates leading to some articles being passed
Scots were worried that if Union was not passed the English Parliament would reintroduce the Alien Act
Explain6 marks2025Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why the Jacobite rebellion took place in 1715.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
some Scots disliked George I as they did not think he was fit to rule as King, for example, his spending
Union had failed to deliver prompt economic prosperity to Scotland
there was a belief that the British Parliament was going to introduce more taxes on Scottish goods
Catholics wanted a return of the Stuarts and a Catholic King
Episcopalians thought the Stuarts would help to restore its position as the Church of Scotland
resentment at some landowners and Highland clans using forced recruitment to build an army
street disturbances in English towns led to the false belief that English and Welsh Jacobites would support a rebellion
Scottish Jacobites thought that the French would support a rebellion with troops and weapons
some Scottish Jacobites thought they could regain their political positions lost with Union
James (Old Pretender) promised to end the Union if he became king
Scottish Jacobites thought a rebellion would be successful because they knew Scottish military defences were weak
How fully6 marks2024Q9The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source A describe the Darien Scheme?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the Darien Scheme.
During the voyage to Darien, 44 colonists died and many more passed away shortly after arrival in the colony. This was not a particularly bad casualty rate for journeys at this period of time. The Company wasted shareholder money as they overpaid for the ships for the voyage. When they arrived, settlers had limited drinking water as Darien had very little rainfall. The area was full of diseases which killed many settlers, including malaria and yellow fever.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description of a given event or development.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
Points from the source
During the voyage to Darien, 44 colonists died and many more passed away shortly after arrival in the colony.
The Company wasted shareholder money as they overpaid for the ships for the voyage.
When they arrived, settlers had limited drinking water as Darien had very little rainfall.
The area was full of fatal diseases which killed many settlers, including malaria and yellow fever.
Points of significant omission
the majority of ships were lost to the Scheme, for example, only 1 ship ever returned to Scotland
company directors were inexperienced in setting up colonies
there was no insurance for any of the ships
King William did not allow English or foreign investment
the Scots had inappropriate goods to trade with on the first voyage
the success of the Darien Scheme was hampered by the hostility of the Spanish
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q10The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons why some Scots supported Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a letter written by a supporter of Union in 1705
Source B is from a letter written by a supporter of Union in 1705.
England has freedom and liberty, joining in union with them is the best way to secure the same for Scotland. I see no other way of achieving future peace than by uniting our two kingdoms in the same parliament. The English Parliament is pushing for union as it guarantees England protection against Catholic France. However, Scotland would still benefit as it will gain free trade with the English colonies, which will increase our riches.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: a supporter of Union β Useful as it is an eyewitness account of someone who supported Union.
Type of Source: letter β Useful as it is a personal account.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it is intended to give reasons for supporting Union.
Timing: 1705 β Useful as it is written when debates about Union were happening in Scotland.
Content
England has freedom and liberty, joining in union with them is the best way to secure the same for Scotland. β Useful because it is accurate (some thought Union would enhance Scotland's freedoms).
I see no other way of achieving future peace than by uniting our two kingdoms in the same parliament. β Useful because it is accurate (some thought Union would keep peace with England).
However, Scotland would still benefit as it will gain free trade with the English colonies, which will increase our riches. β Useful because it is accurate (some thought Union would provide access to English trade networks).
Possible points of significant omission
Union would help to secure the Protestant succession
Union would protect the Kirk
Union would prevent an English invasion of Scotland
Scottish ships would be protected by the English Navy
Explain6 marks2024Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why the Scots passed the Treaty of Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
money was sent to Scotland from England to ensure the passing of the treaty, for example, the Earl of Glasgow
many Scottish nobles were persuaded through personal gains, for example, pensions and promotions
Queen Anne was determined to form a union between the two countries
the Equivalent was appealing as compensation for taking on English debt
MPs who had lost money in the Darien Scheme lobbied in parliament for the passing of the treaty
the role of the Squadrone Volante helped to pass key articles
the English army was stationed on the border which pressured the Scots
Hamilton, the opposition leader, was weak in his opposition in Parliament
Hamilton refused to walk out of Parliament which helped the bill being passed
most Scottish Commissioners were from the Court Party who controlled the debates in Parliament
the debates were dominated by members of the landed classes who voted in their self interest
To what extent9 marks2024Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent was religion the most important reason for the Jacobite rebellion of 1715?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or to its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structured, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
Religion
Catholics wanted the return of a Catholic King in Scotland
Episcopalians did not want the Presbyterian church to dominate Scotland
Intimidation
some landowners used the threat of force to ensure their tenants supported the rebellion
Dislike of the Union
James Stuart (the 'Old Pretender') gained support as he promised to end the Union
Union had not lead to economic prosperity for many
Self interest
some had lost their positions after Union
if the rebellion was successful, participants would receive land, money, and titles
Foreign support
Jacobites believed that the French would support a rebellion
Jacobites believed that street disturbances in England showed support for rebellion
Describe4 marks2023Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the relationship between Scotland and England up to 1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the Convention of Estates stated that Scots could act independently of the monarch
the Claim of Right declared that James had lost the throne
the Scottish Act of Settlement secured the Presbyterian Church in Scotland
Scottish Jacobite MPs openly opposed the new monarchy in the Scottish Parliament
Government troops killed members of the MacDonald clan in the Glencoe Massacre
The Worcester incident increased tension
failure of the Darien Scheme was blamed on lack of English support
To what extent9 marks2023Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent were religious concerns the main reason why many Scots opposed Union with England?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors (1 mark each). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks.
1 mark for an introduction which places the question in its historical context or outlines relevant factors.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way.
1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement and 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Religious concerns
Presbyterians opposed Union as they feared bishops returning to control the Church of Scotland
Episcopalians opposed Union as they feared it would lead to Presbyterian control
Catholics opposed Union as Catholics were barred from becoming the monarch
Economic concerns
feared Union could lead to increased taxes in Scotland
Union would give England control of Scottish trade
English manufacturers could produce goods more cheaply
Political concerns
a British Parliament would be dominated by England
Cultural concerns
Union could be a danger to Scottish legal and educational traditions
Union could lead to an end to Scotlandβs identity as an independent nation
Compare the views4 marks2023Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the reasons why some Scots supported Union with England.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the reasons why some Scots supported Union with England.
Many Scots saw a full Union as the only way for the Scottish economy to improve as it was believed it would reduce poverty. The Treaty of Union would grant Scotland free trade with all English colonies abroad, including America. Wealthy landowners who supported Union, had little understanding of the successful illegal overseas trade between Scotland and the American colonies. Therefore, landowners viewed Union as the only option to increase investment in agricultural developments.
Source B
Much of the later 17th century had been a difficult time for Scotland politically. If Scotland and England were one country, then Scottish merchants would gain access to English colonies and markets. It was argued that Union might help the Scottish economy recover and improve living standards. The economic strength created by Union would lead landowners and farmers to invest in land improvements in their estates.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the reasons why some Scots supported Union with England.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Many Scots saw a full Union as the only way for the Scottish economy to improve as it was believed it would reduce poverty.
Source B: It was argued that Union might help the Scottish economy recover and improve living standards.
agree
Source A: The Treaty of Union would grant Scotland free trade with all English colonies abroad, including America.
Source B: If Scotland and England were one country, then Scottish merchants would gain access to English colonies and markets.
agree
Source A: Therefore, landowners viewed Union as the only option to increase investment in agricultural developments.
Source B: The economic strength created by Union would lead landowners and farmers to invest in land improvements in their estates.
Explain6 marks2023Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why the Treaty of Union was passed by the Scottish Parliament.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the Equivalent encouraged many to vote in favour of Union with England
the Squadrone Volante voted for Union because they would control who received money from the Equivalent
some MPs received a share of money from the English Government
the English court offered pensions and government jobs
fear of an English military invasion if Union was rejected
the threat of the Aliens Act being reintroduced which would have ruined trade with England
Presbyterian politicians voted for the treaty to secure the Kirkβs position
there were divisions amongst the opponents of Union in Parliament
the opposition was led by Hamilton who made many mistakes
How fully6 marks2023Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source C describe the economic effects of the Union up to 1715?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the economic effects of the Union up to 1715.
The making of the United Kingdom in 1707 was the product of power, control and negotiation. The Union gave Scotland free access to the large English domestic and colonial markets opening new trade links. Scottish merchants were presented with a chance for personal advancement through positions in the Hudson Bay and East India Company. Scots had opportunities to buy land in the Caribbean, making money from the production of sugar cane. Highland chiefs benefited through the black cattle trade which was in demand to feed the growing populations in towns.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Up to 4 marks for identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Union gave Scotland free access to the large English domestic and colonial markets opening new trade links. (Scots had access to new trading opportunities.)
Scottish merchants were presented with a chance for personal advancement through positions in the Hudson Bay and East India Company. (Scots were able to gain employment.)
Scots had opportunities to buy land in the Caribbean, making money from the production of sugar cane. (Scots made money by investing in the Empire.)
Highland chiefs benefited through the black cattle trade which was in demand to feed the growing populations in towns. (Scotland benefited from increased trade with England.)
Points of significant omission
the Salt Tax had a negative impact on Scottish fishing
increased tax on linen
English farming techniques were copied in Scotland which increased the amount of crops
the number of Scottish merchants involved in the tobacco trade increased
many Scots became more involved with smuggling
industries in towns developed due to increased trade
Describe4 marks2022Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the events that took place during the Worcester incident.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
the Worcester (ship) under the control of Captain Green was seized at Leith
its crew was captured by an angry mob
the crew were questioned over the disappearance of two Scottish ships
Captain Green and two of the crew were charged with piracy
the evidence against Green was unproven
they were hanged on Leith Sands on 11th April 1705
Compare the views4 marks2022Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the economic problems in Scotland up to 1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the economic problems in Scotland up to 1707.
Although famine in Scotland had a negative impact it was not disastrous as the economy was able to recover. Transatlantic trade continued after the English Navigation Acts, as Scottish merchants avoided the restrictions through smuggling. A report into the state of royal burghs visited most towns to investigate the economic situation in Scotland. Many burghs were still making profits from manufacturing and overseas trade but lied about having debt to avoid paying taxes.
Source B
Scottish trade was disadvantaged by reinforced Navigation Acts as it treated Scots as aliens in the American colonies which stopped trade. The Convention of Royal Burghs found evidence of a significant debt increase in some burghs due to an economic downturn. The most serious problem was a run of poor harvests which resulted in severe famine and economic downturn. The Scottish Kirk stated that the famine was evidence of God's unhappiness with the Scottish people.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the economic problems in Scotland before the Union.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Although famine in Scotland had a negative impact it was not disastrous as the economy was able to recover.
Source B: The most serious problem was a run of poor harvests which resulted in severe famine and economic downturn.
disagree
Source A: Transatlantic trade continued after the English Navigation Acts, as Scottish merchants avoided the restrictions through smuggling.
Source B: Scottish trade was disadvantaged by reinforced Navigation Acts as it treated Scots as aliens in the American colonies which stopped trade.
disagree
Source A: Many burghs were still making profits from manufacturing and overseas trade but lied about having debt to avoid paying taxes.
Source B: The Convention of Royal Burghs found evidence of a significant debt increase in some burghs due to an economic downturn.
Explain6 marks2022Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why many Scots argued against the Union with England.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Scots feared that Union would result in an increase on taxes for Scottish goods making them more expensive
Scots feared that Scottish industries would not be able to compete with the more developed English industries
Scots feared that the British parliament would prioritise English trade interests over Scottish interests at home and abroad
Scottish MPs would be outnumbered in the new British parliament so would have less influence over laws
Union would end Scotland's national identity and independence as Scottish laws and liberties would be at risk
royal burghs feared that the Union would end their special privileges
Presbyterians opposed Union as it threatened the independence of the Scottish church, for example, the English church had bishops and the monarch was its head
many Scottish Catholics opposed Union as they supported the Jacobite claim to the throne
Scottish Episcopalians opposed Union as it provided more power to the Presbyterian church
How fully6 marks2022Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Scottish Parliament passed the Treaty of Union?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Scottish Parliament passed the Treaty of Union.
Discussions for the passing of the Treaty of Union started in 1706 in the Scottish Parliament. The passing of the Treaty was helped along by the indecisiveness of the Duke of Hamilton at key points in the parliamentary debate. The Act of Security of the Church of Scotland guaranteed the protection of Presbyterianism in Scotland after Union. Scottish nobles were satisfied that Union maintained private courts of the landed class. In addition, the Scots were granted free trade with England and her colonies which Scots had wanted for some years.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The passing of the Treaty was helped along by the indecisiveness of the Duke of Hamilton at key points in the parliamentary debate. (The actions of the Duke of Hamilton helped the passing of the Treaty.)
The Act of Security of the Church of Scotland guaranteed the protection of Presbyterianism in Scotland after Union. (The Act of Security gave protection to Presbyterianism.)
Scottish nobles were satisfied that Union maintained private courts of the landed class. (Scottish nobles were happy that Union would maintain their power.)
In addition, the Scots were granted free trade with England and her colonies which Scots had wanted for some years. (Gave Scots access to the English colonies for trading.)
Points of significant omission
the Equivalent was given as compensation to Scots for taking on part of England's national debt
self-interested reasons from Scottish nobles to accept Union, such as pensions
Β£20,000 was secretly dispatched north from the English treasury to pay overdue salaries or as bribes
Squadron Volante held the balance of power and were able to pass every vote on the articles of the Treaty
movements of the English army northwards may have scared Scottish MPs into accepting Union
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2022Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons why the Jacobite rebellion took place in 1715.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010.
The Episcopalians disliked the idea of a Presbyterian church dominating Scotland and were willing to accept a Roman Catholic monarch. However, it is important not to overemphasise the role of religion in the increasing support for the Jacobites. Many Scots were angry as the Union did not have an immediate positive effect on trade or industries in Scotland. Furthermore, the Earl of Mar, who led the Jacobites in 1715, used the threat of force to ensure the support of his tenants for the Jacobite rebellion.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: modern historian β Useful because they have expert knowledge on the Jacobite rebellion in 1715.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful because it contains information which is well researched.
Purpose: to inform β Useful because it provides detailed information.
Timing: 2010 β Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
The Episcopalians disliked the idea of a Presbyterian church dominating Scotland and were willing to accept a Roman Catholic monarch. β Useful as this is accurate (because many Episcopalians were willing to support the Jacobites to stop the Presbyterian church gaining more control in Scotland).
Many Scots were angry as the Union did not have an immediate positive effect on trade or industries in Scotland. β Useful as this is accurate (because many Scots were unhappy with the lack of economic benefits after Union so looked to the Jacobites to dissolve it).
Furthermore, the Earl of Mar, who led the Jacobites in 1715, used the threat of force to ensure the support of his tenants for the Jacobite rebellion. β Useful as this is accurate (because some landlords forced their tenants to fight for the Jacobites).
Points of significant omission
some MPs believed that they would be rewarded with important positions if the Jacobite rebellion was successful
George I was very unpopular which led to many Scots no longer supporting the Hanoverian succession
the expectation of French support for the rebellion encouraged many to fight
many Scots supported the Stuarts as it was believed that a successful rebellion would reverse the Union
Compare the views4 marks2021Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the Worcester incident.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the Worcester incident.
By 1705 relations between Scotland and England were bad. Matters were made worse by the Worcester incident. An English ship, the Worcester, was seized at Leith, outside Edinburgh. Captain Green and two of his crew were charged with piracy. This was a ridiculous charge, but the sailors were hanged on Leith Sands on 11 April 1705, in front of a crowd of 80,000 angry people.
Source B
In 1701 the English Parliament had passed the Act of Settlement. In 1703 the Scottish Parliament had passed the Wool Act. In 1705 an English merchant ship called the Worcester was captured by the Scots. Three sailors were accused of being pirates. The Scottish court showed no mercy and the three sailors were executed. It was now difficult to see how the two countries could join in Union.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the Worcester incident.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: An English ship, the Worcester, was seized at Leith, outside Edinburgh.
Source B: In 1705 an English ship called the Worcester was captured by the Scots.
agree
Source A: Captain Green and two of his crew were charged with piracy.
Source B: Three sailors were accused of being pirates.
agree
Source A: This was a ridiculous charge, but the sailors were hanged on Leith Sands.
Source B: The Scottish court showed no mercy and the three sailors were executed.
Explain6 marks2021Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why many Scots supported the Union with England.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Union would secure a Protestant succession, which would prevent a Catholic monarch
Union would help keep the peace with England
Union would prevent an English invasion
Union would allow Scots ships to trade freely under protection from the English Navy
Union would give the Scots access to English colonies, which would improve trade
guarantees were given that the Union would preserve Scotlandβs legal system, which led many to support the Union
guarantees were given that the Union would protect the Kirk and Scotlandβs distinctive religious practices, which led many to support the Union
Union would allow Scots to access the Equivalent, which made it attractive financially
Union would make less likely invasion of Scotland from other European powers like France
Union with England would enhance job opportunities for Scots in England
Union would help consolidate the shared history and cultural identity of Scotland and England.
Describe4 marks2021Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the arguments used by Scots who were against the Union with England.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible reasons
Union would lead to higher taxes
end of Scotland as an independent nation
fears that the Union would give the English control of Scottish trade
Scotland would have little influence in a London Parliament
Episcopalians argued the Union would secure the Hanoverian succession
some Presbyterians feared Union would sacrifice the distinctive nature of the church
Catholics argued the Union would secure Protestant succession
Jacobites argued the Union would prevent a Stuart restoration.
To what extent9 marks2021Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent was corruption the most important reason for the passing of the Treaty of Union by the Scottish Parliament?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement; 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Corruption
the Earl of Glasgow distributed Β£20,000 to encourage support for Union
many opponents were offered jobs, pensions and promotions were all offered to encourage support for Union
Lord Godolphin also handed out individual payments to opponents to guarantee Union
Pressure from England
Queen Anne was determined to form a Union
Queensberry acted on Queen Anneβs behalf to encourage Union
the Alien Act would mean economic difficulties in Scotland if Union was not passed
Squadrone Volante
many in the Squadrone believed that support for the Union would give them control over the distribution of the Equivalent
many in the Squadrone were Presbyterians and supported Union as they believed this was the only way to protect the Kirk
the role of the Squadrone was key to blocking the opposition from the Country Party
Division among the opposition
Hamilton as leader of the opposition refused to participate in planned walkout of parliament
the opposition was led by Hamilton who was a weak leader and may also have been bribed
How fully6 marks2021Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source C describe the effects of the Union on Scotland up to 1715?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the effects of the Union on Scotland up to 1715.
The Treaty of Union came into effect in 1707. In the aftermath of the Union the Parliament in London discussed many changes. The Yule Vacance Act of 1711 recognised Christmas as a holiday in the Scottish law courts. The Toleration Act of 1712 allowed freedom of worship for Episcopalians. The Patronage Act of 1711 prevented Kirk congregations from selecting their own ministers. In addition, in 1712 the House of Lords became the court of appeal for all Scottish legal cases.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source, and up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Yule Vacance Act of 1711 recognised Christmas as a holiday in the Scottish law courts
the Toleration Act of 1712 allowed freedom of worship for Episcopalians
the Patronage Act of 1711 prevented Kirk congregations from selecting their own ministers
in addition, in 1712 the House of Lords became the court of appeal for all Scottish legal cases.
Points of significant omission
the number of Scots involved in the tobacco trade increased
agricultural techniques improved
the Scottish Privy Council was abolished in 1708
some Scots benefited from the opportunities provided by the Empire, for example, by taking up land in the West Indies
some Scottish industries (for example, brewing, paper making, fishing, shoe making, candle making) were badly affected by the Union
To what extent9 marks2019Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent was the failure of the Darien Scheme the most important reason for the worsening relations between Scotland and England by 1707?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
1 mark for an introduction; 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary); 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement (a summary cannot be supported).
The failure of the Darien Scheme
feeling that William had acted against Scottish interests to discourage investment in the Company of Scotland and therefore ensure the failure of the Darien Scheme
belief among Scots that William wanted to see Darien fail as he wanted to avoid upsetting the Spanish
the anger at failure of English in West Indies to supply relief expedition to Darien
The Glencoe Massacre
there was anger at the nature of the massacre β women and children killed/slaughter under trust
there was a belief in Scotland that the massacre had been approved in London
some Scots saw the massacre as an attempt to ethnically cleanse the Gaels
The Worcester incident
the execution of Captain Green by the Scots caused anger in England
Green and his crew had been denied a fair trial
the baying crowd at the execution on Leith Sands was a reflection of Scots hostility towards the English
The Legislative Wars
the Scots were annoyed that the English had passed the Act of Settlement without consulting them
the English were upset that the Act Anent Peace and War meant there was no guarantee of Scots military support
the Scots were unhappy at the proposed economic sanctions contained in the Aliens Act
Explain6 marks2019 specimenQ11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why relations between Scotland and England got worse between 1689 and 1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
Scots were excluded from trading with England's colonies which offered great wealth
the monarch was in England but was out of touch with the wishes of the Scots
many Scots, loyal to the House of Stewart, felt that King James was their rightful king
the wars between England and France had damaged Scottish trade with France
Scotland gained nothing from peace treaties at the end of these wars
the Scots blamed the English for the failure of the Darien Scheme as they offered no financial, military or political support
Queen Anne found it difficult to govern Scotland from Westminster
Scots accused Queen Anne of policies which were damaging to Scotland
the Worcester Affair turned ordinary Scots against what they regarded as English pirates
England feared a French threat in the future if the discontented Scots ever wanted to revive the Auld Alliance
the English were angry that the Scots were intruding into their colonies/markets
the religious differences between Scotland and England caused mistrust.
Describe4 marks2019Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the arguments used by supporters of the Union in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Union would protect Scottish Protestantism/Presbyterianism
Union would ensure the Hanoverian Succession
Union would ensure access to England's colonies/boost the Scottish economy
Scots trade/traders would gain protection from the English fleet
Union would prevent the damaging Alien Act from coming into effect
Union would protect Scotland's distinct legal system
Union would end years of dispute/uncertainty between Scotland and England
if Scots failed to agree to the Union the English might invade and enforce a worse settlement
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources A and B about Scottish attitudes to a possible Union of the Parliaments. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about Scottish attitudes to a possible Union of the Parliaments.
The issue of a Union of Parliaments between Scotland and England stirred up heated debate. Supporters of the Union saw it as a way of settling the Protestant Succession and closing the door to the Jacobite claimant to the throne. They weren't worried about wanting a closer relationship with England. A Union would end the danger of future wars between Scotland and England. Other Scots saw the economic benefits of gaining access to England's colonies.
Source B
Many Scots disliked the idea of entering a Union with βthe Auld Enemyβ. This resulted from centuries of bad feeling between the two countries. They feared that Scotland's economy would be ruined by cheap goods flooding up from England. The Jacobites encouraged opposition to the Union in the hope of restoring their king to his throne. They organised petitions against the Union and burned copies of the Treaty to stir up opposition to the Union.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall the sources disagree about Scottish attitudes to a possible Union of the Parliaments
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Supporters of the Union saw it as a way of settling the Protestant Succession and closing the door to the Jacobite claimant to the throne.
Source B: The Jacobites encouraged opposition to the Union in the hope of restoring their king to his throne.
disagree
Source A: Other Scots saw the economic benefits of gaining access to England's colonies.
Source B: They feared that Scotland's economy would be ruined by cheap goods flooding up from England.
disagree
Source A: They weren't worried about wanting a closer relationship with England.
Source B: Many Scots disliked the idea of entering a Union with βthe Auld Enemyβ.
How fully6 marks2019Q13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source A explain the reasons why many Scots argued against Union with England?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A explains the arguments used by many Scots against the Union with England.
Strong opinions were expressed on both sides of the Union debate. Opponents claimed that Union would lead to a rise in Scottish taxes. It was argued that, in the aftermath of Union, Scottish businesses would not be able to compete with stronger English businesses. Others expressed fears that Union would create a united British Parliament which would not reflect Scottish views as it would be dominated by English MPs. Some feared that Union would lead to the end of Scotland's identity as an independent nation.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
opponents claimed that Union would lead to a rise in Scottish taxes
it was argued that in the aftermath of Union Scottish businesses would not be able to compete with stronger English businesses
others expressed fears that Union would create a United British Parliament which would not reflect Scottish views as it would be dominated by English MPs
some feared that Union would lead to the end of Scotland's identity as an independent nation
Points of significant omission
Episcopalians in Scotland opposed Union as it would secure the Hanoverian succession (only a return to the Stuart dynasty could restore episcopacy to the Scottish church)
there were already fears that English foreign policy was operating against Scottish interests (for example anger in Scotland over failure of English to consult before entry into the War of the Spanish Succession)
some Presbyterians had fears over the position of the Church of Scotland (as the English Parliament was dominated by the Episcopalian Anglican church with Bishops' seats in the House of Lords)
many Scots would have preferred a Federal Union as this would have allowed Scotland to keep its own Parliament
Union would be wrong as a majority of the Scottish people opposed it
Describe4 marks2019 specimenQ13The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the unrest in Edinburgh and other parts of Scotland to the proposed Treaty of Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
when the draft of the treaty was made public there were riots on the streets of Scottish towns and cities
violent demonstrations took place outside Parliament House in Edinburgh
the Edinburgh mob threatened and insulted judges and Members of the Scottish Parliament
serious riots took place in Glasgow
in Glasgow, Dumfries and Lanark people had taken up arms
there were protests and demonstrations against the Union in many Scottish burghs
in Edinburgh a huge crowd marched up the High Street shouting, βNo Union, No Unionβ
the Edinburgh mob threw stones at house windows which showed a light.
Explain6 marks2019Q14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why the Treaty of Union was passed by the Scottish Parliament.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
the offer of almost Β£400,000 in the Equivalent persuaded many to vote in favour of Union
the Squadrone Volante were persuaded to vote in favour by the prospect of gaining control of the Equivalent
bribery of Scottish Ministers/politicians through Β£20,000 issued to the Earl of Glasgow by English government to issue as 'arrears of salary'
promise of favours, pensions, military patronage, high-ranking positions and cash ensured government majorities
Presbyterians were reassured by promises to protect the Church of Scotland
many were attracted by the prospect of trade with America and the riches this could bring
the political management of the Court Party was better than that of the Country Party
Hamilton was an erratic and divisive leader of Country Party/opposition to Union
How fully6 marks2019 specimenQ14The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source C explain why opponents of the Treaty of Union were unable to stop it being passed? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about why the opponents of the Treaty of Union were unable to stop it being passed.
At first, there was widespread public opposition in Scotland to the Union. Opposition to it in Parliament was led by the Duke of Hamilton who could have become king if Scotland and England separated. Hamilton however was indecisive and unreliable. One night, without any warning, he suddenly changed sides. There was widespread belief that, like many, Hamilton had been bribed to support the Union. Hamilton's activities kept the opponents of the Union disorganised. Opponents of the Union were unable to overcome the ruthless methods used by supporters of the Union.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Hamilton however was indecisive and unreliable/he suddenly changed sides
there was widespread belief that, like many, Hamilton had been bribed to support the Union
Hamilton's activities kept the opponents of the Union disorganised
opponents of the Union were unable to overcome the ruthless methods used by supporters of the Union.
Points of significant omission
the government had sent Argyll and then Queensberry/secret agents, to organise and promote support for the Union
the government threatened Scottish trade if the Union was not passed
government officials in Scotland were warned they would not be paid wage arrears unless they supported the Union
the Church of Scotland was won over to the Union by guaranteeing its position
the Equivalent, which made money available to Scotland, won over many people
people were offered titles and jobs in return for supporting the Union.
Compare the views4 marks2019Q15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources B and C on the economic effects of Union in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the economic effects of the Union in Scotland.
The Treaty of Union, which came into effect on the 1st of May 1707, was very significant. The Union damaged the Scottish linen industry as it found it was unable to compete with the English linen industry. East coast fishing suffered because of the introduction of a tax on salt. Brewing, paper-making and Dundee candle-making all did badly in the aftermath of the Union.
Source C
The Treaty of Union was to result in big political and religious changes for Scotland. It was also to have some major economic effects. Scots linen manufacturers suffered from increased English competition and simply could not match them for quality. The introduction of the salt tax in 1711 caused great anger and did great damage to the fishing industry. Paper manufacturers also lost money after 1707.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about the economic effects of Union in Scotland.
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: The Union damaged the Scottish linen industry as it found it was unable to compete with the English linen industry.
Source C: Scots' linen manufacturers suffered from increased English competition and simply could not match them for quality.
agree
Source B: East coast fishing suffered because of the introduction of a tax on salt.
Source C: The introduction of the salt tax in 1711 caused great anger and did great damage to the fishing industry.
agree
Source B: Brewing, paper-making and Dundee candle-making all did badly in the aftermath of the Union.
Source C: Paper manufacturers also lost money after 1707.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019 specimenQ15The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of reasons for Scottish disappointment with the Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1994.
For most people in Scotland after the Union, life in most matters was unchanged. Some however were soon disappointed. The Church of Scotland was outraged when patronage was reintroduced into the church and Episcopalians were to be tolerated. Within a few years other significant changes were made. Many Scots thought these changes also broke the terms of the Treaty of Union. They were unhappy with the introduction of the Malt Tax as this could have had serious consequences.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission. For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect
Author: Modern historian β Useful because has expert knowledge/has studied a range of relevant sources
Type of source: Textbook β Useful because it contains straightforward information without bias/well researched
Purpose: To inform β Useful because it provides detailed information
Timing: 1994 β Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight
Content
The Church of Scotland was outraged when patronage was reintroduced into the church and Episcopalians were to be tolerated. β Useful as this is accurate (because the reintroduction of church patronage angered the Church of Scotland)
Many Scots thought these changes also broke the terms of the Treaty of Union. β Useful as this is accurate (because Scots were disappointed with the results of the Treaty of Union and believed they'd been cheated)
They were unhappy with the introduction of the Malt Taxβ¦ β Useful as this is accurate (because Scots opposed having to pay tax on malt)
Points of significant omission
were soon disillusioned because the Union did not bring immediate prosperity
they disliked the changes in Scotland's weights, measures, money, etc
nobles and important politicians had left Edinburgh for London
some believed that English imports were ruining Scottish businesses.
Explain6 marks2018Q9The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why the Darien Scheme failed.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
no one involved in setting up the scheme had ever been to Darien to carry out research and so were unaware of just how unsuitable for a colony the site was
the very high temperatures made things difficult for Scots who were not used to such heat
Darien has heavy rainfall/200 inches a year and this proved not to be conducive to the establishment of a settlement
Darien was full of diseases which posed dangers to the settlers (eg malaria, yellow fever)
the failure to take enough food on the journey contributed to the high casualty rate (eg 44 died during voyage) during the initial voyage
on the second expedition the casualty rate was even higher (eg 160 died during the voyage because of unclean water/rotting food)
not enough investment was made in the scheme as King William did not allow English or foreign investment
when the Scots got into difficulty King William forbade nearby English colonies to offer assistance
the Spanish attacked the settlement and forced the Scots to surrender
the Scots asked for high prices and so failed to trade
the Scots took the wrong goods for trading (eg Bibles, wigs, heavy cloths).
How fully6 marks2018Q10The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source A describe the arguments used by the opponents of Union in Scotland?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the arguments used by the opponents of Union in Scotland.
The Union debate produced very strong passions on both sides of the argument. Its opponents said that taxes would be sure to rise if the Union went ahead. They also claimed that as Scots would be in a minority in a new British Parliament their voices would always be drowned out by the English. Some Presbyterians warned that Union would force unwelcome changes on the Church of Scotland. Opponents of the Union also argued that it would give the English too much control over Scotlandβs trade.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
its opponents said that taxes would be sure to rise if the Union went ahead
they also claimed that as Scots would be in a minority in a new British Parliament/their voices would always be drowned out by the English
some Presbyterians warned that Union would force unwelcome changes on the Church of Scotland
opponents of the Union also argued that Union would give the English too much control over Scotlandβs trade
Points of significant omission
it was argued that in the aftermath of Union, Scottish businesses would not be able to compete with stronger English businesses
Episcopalians in Scotland opposed Union as it would secure the Hanoverian succession (and only a return to the Stuart dynasty could restore episcopacy to the Scottish church)
Union would lead to the end of Scotlandβs identity as an independent nation
Union would be wrong as a majority of the Scottish people opposed it
Royal burghs feared the end of their special privileges
many claimed Scotlandβs distinctive legal system would be under threat.
To what extent9 marks2018Q11The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent was the support of the Squadrone Volante the most important reason for the passing of the Act of Union by the Scottish Parliament?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be given for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors).
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be given for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (1 mark introduction, 1 mark structure, 1 mark conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement).
support of Squadrone Volante
role of the Squadrone crucial as had they failed to support Union it might have failed in Parliament given the opposition of the Country Party
many in the Squadrone supported Union as they were Presbyterians and believed this was the best way to protect the Kirk
many in the Squadrone were motivated by greed as they believed support for Union would give them control over the distribution of the Equivalent
pressure from England
England used the Aliens Act to make it clear there would be severe economic difficulties for Scotland should they resist Union
Queen Anne was determined for Union to take place and was ably assisted by political figures (eg Queensberry)
English troops were on the border during the negotiations to focus the mind of the Scots/fear of English army after recent victories (eg Blenheim, Ramillies)
bribery
pensions, promotions and jobs were all offered to encourage support for Union (eg the Earl of Glasgow distributed Β£20,000 to encourage support for Union)
Hamilton may have been bribed by the Court Party
division among the opposition
disagreement amongst opponents of Union (eg Catholics and extreme Presbyterians) meant they were unable to act together to prevent it
the Opposition was poorly led by the unpredictable Hamilton/he refused to participate in planned walkout of parliament
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q12The Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of discontent with the Union after 1707.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a speech by a Scottish Lord in the parliamentary journal of the House of Lords, June 1713
Source B is from a speech by a Scottish Lord in the parliamentary journal of the House of Lords, June 1713.
Permission should be given to bring in a Bill to end the Union. Each Kingdom should have its Rights and Privileges restored to what they had been at the time when the Union was first passed. Members should consider this question carefully. Charging Scotland with a Malt Tax is in violation of the 14th Article of the Treaty of Union in which it was clearly stated βthat Scotland shall not be charged with any Malt Tax during this warβ.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Scottish Lord β Useful as it is a first-hand account by a Scottish Lord in Parliament who wanted to end Union.
Type of source: Parliamentary Journal (speech) β Useful as this is part of an official account.
Purpose: To record β Useful as it provides detail of Scottish grievances.
Timing: June 1713 β Useful as it was written soon after the Union (by which time Scots were able to judge its effects).
Content: Permission should be given to bring in a Bill to end the Union. β Useful as it is accurate (many Scots did desire to end Union at this time).
Content: Each Kingdom should have its Rights and Privileges restored to what they had been at the time when the Union was first passed. β Useful as it is accurate (many Scots were annoyed at the infringement of their rights).
Content: Charging Scotland with a Malt Tax is in violation of the 14th Article of the Treaty of Union. β Useful as it is accurate (many Scots were angry at the levying of this tax in contravention of the terms of Union).
Points of significant omission
there was dissatisfaction with the length of time it took to pay the Equivalent
anger over higher customs duties led to an increase in smuggling
anti-Union feeling important in explaining the level of support for the Jacobites in 1715
there was anger after the Scottish Privy Council was abolished in 1708.
How fully5 marks2017Q9β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source A describe the causes of tension between Scotland and England up to 1707? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the causes of tension between Scotland and England up to 1707.
Relations between Scotland and England were very poor in these years. In England there was a lot of resentment at the level of support for the Jacobites in Scotland. The Scots were angry at not being consulted by the English over the Act of Settlement of 1701. As the smaller partner in the union of crowns the Scots felt their interests were ignored. The Scots were also annoyed that they had not been consulted over entry into the war of Spanish Succession.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for points from the source; up to 4 marks for points of significant omission.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
in England there was a lot of resentment at the level of support for the Jacobites in Scotland
the Scots were angry at not being consulted by the English over the Act of Settlement of 1701
as the smaller partner in the union of crowns the Scots felt their interests were ignored
the Scots were also annoyed that they had not been consulted over entry into the war of Spanish Succession
Points of significant omission
Scots were angry at the role of England in the failure of the Darien scheme
England's wars with France had worsened Scotland's economic problems, especially hitting towns such as Ayr which imported French goods
the English were annoyed when Scots passed the Act Anent Peace and War
the Scottish parliament angered Westminster by appointing a Protestant successor to Queen Anne without consulting them
the Scots regarded the Aliens Act as an attempt to bully them
The Worcester Affair (execution of English captain for piracy) angered the English
Describe5 marks2017Q10β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the arguments used by the opponents of Union in Scotland.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
Union would lead to a rise in taxes in Scotland
the Scottish MPs would be outnumbered in a new British parliament
Union would end Scotland's identity as an independent nation (eg currency and laws)
Union would threaten the independence of the Scottish church
Scotland would be unable to compete with the more developed English industry (at home or abroad)
fears that English trading interests would be prioritised
Explain5 marks2017Q11β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why many Scots were in favour of Union with England.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Protestants were happy that Union would guarantee the Protestant Succession
if Scotland failed to agree to Union, England might invade and enforce a worse settlement
Union would give the Scots access to England and her colonies and so enrich the country
Scotland would be more secure as they would gain English military protection
Many Scots were swayed by promises of temporary tax exemptions
the Union would give Scots greater standing in Europe
Scotland and England shared a similar language, religion and trade traditions
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2017Q12β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons why the Scots Parliament passed the Treaty of Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1996.
Many Kirk ministers were very concerned about the possibility of union. But when Parliament passed an Act for the Security of the Kirk many of them changed their tune. The Equivalent was the biggest incentive for many as it led to the sum of over three hundred thousand pounds sterling to be sent in cash to Scotland. English guarantees over the independence of the Scots legal system also soothed most fears within the Scottish legal profession.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: Modern historian β Useful because he has expert knowledge/has studied a range of relevant sources
Type of Source: Textbook β Useful because it contains straightforward factual information without bias/well researched
Purpose: To inform on views towards the Union β Useful because it provides detailed information
Timing: 1996 β Useful because it has the benefit of hindsight
Points from the source
But when Parliament passed an Act for the Security of the Kirk many of them changed their tune β Useful as it is accurate (the Kirk was satisfied by the passing of this Act)
The Equivalent was the biggest incentive for many as it led to the sum of over three hundred thousand pounds sterling to be sent in cash to Scotland β Useful as it is accurate (the Equivalent did succeed as an incentive)
English guarantees over the independence of the Scots legal system also soothed most fears within the Scottish legal profession β Useful as it is accurate (the legal profession was satisfied by these guarantees)
Points of significant omission
the Earl of Glasgow distributed Β£20,000 amongst the supporters of Union
the Squadrone Volante backed Union as they believed they would get control of the distribution of the Equivalent
Government pensions, promotions and job positions were offered to those who voted for Union
To what extent8 marks2016Q7β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
To what extent was anger over the Darien Scheme the most important reason in explaining worsening relations between Scotland and England by 1707?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must use knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different possible factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to support factors (but one mark should be deducted if the process is not clear in at least two factors). 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
Up to 3 marks should be given for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for a structured answer with knowledge organised in support of different factors; 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Anger over the Darien Scheme
King William wanted to remain on good terms with the Spanish and so deliberately sabotaged the colony
English officials prevented investment in the Darien Scheme
English colonies, including Jamaica, Barbados and New York, were forbidden by William to offer assistance to Scots at Darien
William worried that success for Darien would encourage independence for the American colonies
A huge number of Scots had invested in the Darien Scheme
many Scots believed that only the successful establishment of colonies could make Scotland a prosperous nation
Anger over the poor state of the Scottish economy strained relations
many in Scotland were angry that the Navigation Acts prevented Scotland trading with English colonies
there was a feeling that the English had not done enough to help Scotland during the" ill years" of the 1690s
the Worcester Incident where some of the English crew were hanged
Many Scots were unhappy over the operation of the Union of Crowns
belief that since the Union of Crowns Scotland had been unable to operate independently
William took little interest in Scotland.
Darien had shown Scotland had a King who had acted against her interests
Anne declared herself to be "entirely English"
Scottish trade had been disrupted by Englandβs wars and there was no recompense in the peace treaties
Problems arose over the succession
Scots were angry that the English Parliament passed the succession to Sophia of Hanover without consulting them
Scots reacted by passing the Act of Security which annoyed the English
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2016Q8β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the arguments used by Scots against the Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a petition by Stirling Town Council against the Union presented on 18 November 1706.
We want a lasting friendship with England. But we judge that this Union will bring a high burden of taxation upon this land. Scotland would be under the rules of the English in the Parliament of Britain. The English may discourage our trade, if they think it will be in competition with their own. The Union will ruin our industry, our religion, laws and liberties.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source; a maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author: Stirling town council
Useful as it is a first-hand account of the concerns of a royal burgh/typical of the concerns of other burghs
Type of Source: A petition
Useful as it shows that many people opposed the Union
Purpose: To persuade
Useful as the majority of petitions were against the Union
Timing: November 1706
Useful as it is written at the time of Union
Content
Union will bring a high burden of taxation upon this land β Useful as it accurately reflects a widespread concern
The English may discourage our trade (if they think it will be in competition with their own) β Useful as it accurately states a common view expressed by those who were anti-Treaty
The Union will ruin our industry, our religion, laws and liberties β Useful as it accurately states a common view expressed by those who were anti-Treaty
Points of significant omission
Scotland had always been an independent nation and its identity would be subsumed if there was a new united Parliament/ a dislike of merging with βThe Auld Enemyβ
there were already fears that English foreign policy was operating against Scottish interests, eg anger in Scotland over failure of English to consult before entry into Spanish War of Succession.
public opinion in Scotland was against a union.
some Scots would have preferred a Federal Union.
Episcopalians in Scotland opposed union as it would secure the Hanoverian succession and only a return to the Stuart dynasty could restore episcopacy to the Scottish church/Union guaranteed the position of the Presbyterian Church
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Explain6 marks2016Q9β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why the Scots Parliament passed the Treaty of Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
Act of Security for the Kirk was vital in securing Presbyterian support for Union (in the aftermath of its passage Presbyterian ministers preached in favour of Union)
fear of English invasion if Union was rejected (during the Union negotiations English troops were stationed on the border with Scotland)
opponents of Union were unable to unite because of their differences (eg Catholics and extreme Presbyterians hated each other)
the Duke of Hamilton proved to be a very ineffective leader of the anti-Union cause
many Scots were worried that the Aliens Act would come into effect if they voted against Union. Scots would have lost land which they owned in England
many Scots were attracted by the possibility of trade with Englandβs colonies (the Scots economy had gone through a very bad time in the 1690s and the prospect of full access to Englandβs colonies seemed too good an opportunity to miss)
many were attracted by the prospect of compensation for Darien
the role of the Squadrone Volante was vital in ensuring Union was accepted (some motivated by their moderate Presbyterianism, others by belief they would control distribution of the Equivalent)
some Scottish nobles were offered English titles (which meant an automatic seat in the House of Lords) if they voted for Union
other inducements (money, trading privileges) were offered to others in the Scottish Parliament in return for their vote
fear of withdrawal of royal favour (and even loss of expenses claims and salary) if they did not vote for Union
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Explain5 marks2015Q9β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why there was tension between Scotland and England by 1705.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
many in Scotland were angry that the Navigation Acts prevented Scotland trading with English colonies
there was a feeling that the English had not done enough to help Scotland during the Ill Years of the 1690s
Scots were angry as they felt the Darien scheme had been sabotaged by William as it went against English interests
Scotsβ loyalties were considered suspect by the English after the Jacobite rebellion of 1689
Scots were angry that the English Parliament passed the succession to Sophia of Hanover without consulting the Scottish Parliament
the English were angry at Scottish legislation such as the Act of Security/Act Anent Peace and War
the English were angry over the execution of Captain Green of the Worcester
How fully6 marks2015Q10β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source A explain the arguments used by supporters of the Union?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about Scottish attitudes towards the Union.
Opponents of the Union warned of higher taxes. However supporters of the Union were clear that it would help Scotland to become richer in the future. Many Protestants argued that the main advantage of the Union would be securing the Protestant Succession. They also pointed out that the English had made it clear they would respect the independence of the Church of Scotland. It was also argued that if the Union was rejected England might simply invade and take over anyway.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Up to 3 marks for interpretation of relevant parts of the source where at least one point of significant omission is also identified.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the supporters of Union were clear that it would help Scotland to become richer in the future
many Protestants argued that the main advantage of Union would be securing the Protestant Succession
they also pointed out that the English had made it clear they would respect the independence of the Church of Scotland
it was also pointed out that if Union was rejected England might simply invade and take over anyway
Points of significant omission
Union would guarantee the Scots access to trade with English colonies
Union would guarantee security against Catholic France
Union would see Darien investors compensated through the Equivalent
Compare the views4 marks2015Q11β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Compare the views of Sources B and C on Scottish attitudes to the proposed Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the Union debate.
In 1706 the debate over the Union was in full flow. All of the leaflets produced for the public expressed opposition. Many feared that the proposed Union would lead to a rise in taxes. Some feared for the independence of the Church of Scotland. Many leaflets were produced on the subject. They argued that England was the far bigger country and so would control Scotland.
Source C
Many powerful Scots argued for the Union, but their views did not represent the majority. Many Scots felt that the Union would not be a partnership but a takeover. Economic arguments were the most important ones and it was claimed that after Union higher taxes would hit all Scots in the pocket. Religion was very important to many Scots and they did not want the English to interfere in their Church.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: Both sources agree that most Scots opposed the Union
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Many feared that the proposed Union would lead to a rise in taxes
Source C: It was claimed that after the Union higher taxes would hit all Scots in the pocket
agree
Source B: They argued that England was the far bigger country and so would control Scotland
Source C: Many Scots felt that the Union would not be a partnership but a takeover
agree
Source B: Some feared for the independence of the Church of Scotland
Source C: Religion was very important to many Scots and they did not want the English to interfere in their Church
Describe5 marks2015Q12β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the effects of the Treaty of Union on Scotland up to 1715.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
there was a growth in smuggling
increased taxes (led to attacks on excisemen eg at Ayr in 1714)
the Scottish linen industry suffered because of increased taxes
the Scottish Privy Council was abolished in 1708
led to the Jacobite rebellions of 1708 and 1715
led to the 1712 Toleration Act which granted Episcopalians the right to worship freely in Scotland
Describe5 marks2014Q1β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Describe the worsening relations between Scotland and England between 1689 and 1705.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
King William wanted to remain on good terms with the Spanish and so deliberately sabotaged the Darien colony
English officials prevented investment in the Darien scheme
There was a feeling that the English had not done enough to help Scotland during the Ill Years of the 1690s
William took little positive interest in Scotland eg Glencoe massacre
Anne had declared herself to be "entirely English"
The strength of Jacobitism in Scotland caused tension
Scots loyalties were suspect after the rebellion of 1689
The Scots were angry that the English Parliament passed the succession to Sophia of Hanover without consulting them
The English were angry when the Scots Parliament passed the Act of Security
Scottish trade badly affected by England's French wars (no Scottish gains in the peace treaties)
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2014Q2β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the arguments used by Scots against the Union.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a leaflet written by Andrew Fletcher in 1706.
Let me explain my opposition to Union. Scotland needs to keep its own separate law and church. They cannot be governed and supported by a Parliament in London. If the Scots agree to these interests being controlled by a single Parliament they will surrender control to the English. The Scots deserve no pity if they surrender their interests to a Parliament where the English will have a vast majority.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author: Andrew Fletcher β Useful as he was one of the leading opponents of the Union.
Type of Source: Leaflet β Useful as this was a common method of trying to communicate political ideas at this time.
Purpose: To persuade β Less useful as the writer is biased against the Union/designed to persuade the reader that the Union will be bad for Scotland
Timing: One year before Union was agreed β Useful as it is written when the Union was being debated in Scotland.
Content
Scotland needs to keep its own separate law and church β Useful as it was a commonly held view at the time.
If the Scots agree to these interests being controlled by a single Parliament they will surrender control to the English β Useful as it reflects the fears of many Scots.
The English will have a vast majority. β Useful as it is an accurate statement about the parliamentary arithmetic after Union.
Points of significant omission
Scotland had always been an independent nation and its identity would be subsumed if there was a new united Parliament.
Public opinion in Scotland was against a union.
Some Scots would have preferred a Federal Union eg Andrew Fletcher.
Episcopalians in Scotland opposed union as it would secure the Hanoverian succession and only a return to the Stuart dynasty could restore episcopacy to the Scottish church.
Some Presbyterians feared over the position of the Church of Scotland. The English Parliament was dominated by the Episcopalian church with Bishops' seats in the House of Lords.
How fully5 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
How fully does Source B explain the arguments used by Scots in favour of the Union? (Use Source B and recall.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the Treaty of Union.
I could give you some account of the many advantages we will obtain by a union with England. By this union we will all have access to all the advantages of trade that the English enjoy at the moment. We will be able to improve our wealth which will be for the benefit of the whole island. We will have our liberty, our property and our religion secured. Scotland will be under the protection of one sovereign and one Parliament of Great Britain.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
The candidate can achieve up to 3 marks for their interpretation of the parts of the source they consider are relevant.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
By this union we will all have access to all the advantages of trade that the English enjoy at the moment
We will be able to improve our wealth
We will have our liberty, our property and our religion secured
Scotland will be under the protection of one sovereign and one Parliament of Great Britain.
Points of significant omission
If Scotland failed to accept Union voluntarily they might be forced to accept it on unfavourable terms after an English invasion.
The Scots knew that Ireland had been conquered by England and wanted to avoid this fate.
Presbyterians wanted to solve the problem of the succession and ensure that the exiled Stuarts did not return
The Union guaranteed the position of the Presbyterian Church
Fear of the reintroduction of the Alien Act if Union was not approved by the Scots
Many Scots believed the Scottish economy would benefit from Union
Scots attracted by guarantee of free trade with the UK and the colonies
Some felt that failure of Darien proved that Scotland could no longer go it alone/some influential Scots saw it as only way to recover from the financial disaster of the Darian Scheme
Explain5 marks2014Q4β³ Older formatThe Treaty of Union, 1689β1715
Explain the reasons why many Scots participated in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
The 1707 Union was deeply unpopular. It had failed to bring economic prosperity to Scotland
Many participated as they were anti-Union. James VIII promised to end the Union
Dislike of the Campbells (especially in the Highlands)
Episcopalians offered support as the return of James seemed to provide the best prospect of an Episcopalian church settlement
Loyalty to the House of Stuart. Jacobites did not accept William, Anne or George. They believed James was the rightful King
Highland clansmen felt loyalty to the exiled King
Some participants were "forced out"
The Earl of Mar fought for selfish political reasons as he had lost his government position under George I
Dislike of new currency, weights etc
Disappointment at failure of payment of the Equivalent motivated some to participate
