Explain the reasons why travelling West was difficult for settlers.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
To what extent was the election of Abraham Lincoln the main reason for the outbreak of the Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2026Q61USA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reaction to Reconstruction.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β is from a newspaper article written by a Northern journalist in 1869.
Reconstruction was the period of 1865β1877 following the Civil War. During this time, the former Confederate states were controlled by the federal government. This caused resentment among some Southerners, who formed groups like the Ku Klux Klan that threatened to murder Republican politicians who supported Reconstruction. They openly attacked or even killed Black people who tried to vote or enjoy their new freedoms in public. Many white Southerners complained publicly that Reconstruction was humiliating for them.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
How fully does Source B describe what happened during the Sand Creek Massacre?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B describes what happened during the Sand Creek Massacre.
The search for gold and silver led to many miners and their families going through Indigenous American lands, disrupting their lives. Some tribal chiefs proclaimed friendship with the white territorial government and were offered the protection of nearby forts. Around 500 Indigenous Americans camped in Sand Creek and flew US flags, believing they were under the protection of US troops. On the morning of 29 November 1864, ignoring the promise of protection, around 700 US soldiers attacked the camp. An estimated 220 Indigenous Americans were killed.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
homesteaders were very isolated often living long distances from their neighbours
homesteaders had little access to medical care
homesteaders often had problems getting water
homesteaders had to deal with pests, for example, locusts
homesteaders lived in houses made of earth (sod)
homesteaders had to deal with extremes of temperature in the west
homesteaders dealt with hostility from Indigenous Americans
Explain the reasons why life was difficult for enslaved people on Southern plantations.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
most living quarters were very basic meaning enslaved people had poor living conditions
some enslaved people were only given a small amount of food meaning they were often malnourished
many enslaved people were punished harshly, for example, whipping
enslaved people had a short life expectancy meaning they had a short, difficult life
enslaved people worked long hours which affected their health
families could be split up which made enslaved people worry about their future
enslaved people faced abuse at the hands of overseers and owners which no one protected them from
some enslaved people were often not given medical care many died
enslaved people were watched closely meaning they could not escape their lives as they were easily caught
it was difficult for enslaved people to defend themselves against the weapons of their overseers and owners
Compare the views of Sources A and B about relations between slave and non-slave states.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about relations between slave and nonβslave states.
When Congress met in Washington in December 1859, both houses divided along sectional lines. Rumours of slave rebellions were commonplace in Southern States. Northern and Southern politicians exchanged insults and accusations. Southerners opposed all Republican measures such as the Pacific Railroad. Northerners feared a growing conspiracy from the South to use enslavement to control America. Southerners feared the increasing strength of the Republicans, which could end enslavement.
Source B
The South disagreed with all of the policies which were supported by the Republican Party. The North in turn worried that the South would use enslavement to gain power over the USA. During Congressional debates, it was not unusual for politicians from the North and South to hurl abuse at one another. The Civil War started in 1861 with some Southern States seceding leading to the formation of the Confederacy.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about relations between slave and nonβslave states.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Northern and Southern politicians exchanged insults and accusations.
Source B: During Congressional debates, it was not unusual for politicians from the North and South to hurl abuse at one another.
agree
Source A: Southerners opposed all Republican measures such as a Pacific Railroad.
Source B: The South disagreed with all of the policies which were supported by the Republican Party.
agree
Source A: Northerners feared a growing conspiracy from the South to use enslavement to control America.
Source B: The North in turn worried that the South would use enslavement to gain power over the USA.
To what extent were the Black Codes the main problem facing African-Americans during Reconstruction, 1865β1878?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion (introduction, structure, conclusion with a valid judgement, and a reason in support of the judgement).
Black Codes
African-Americans were not allowed to vote
African-Americans were not allowed to carry weapons to defend themselves
African-Americans could be arrested for being jobless
KKK
the KKK burned down schools
the KKK lynched African-Americans
the KKK intimidated African-Americans to stop them from voting
KKK beat, tortured and murdered African-Americans
βJim Crowβ Laws
βJim Crowβ Laws started segregation, for example, toilets
most businesses would only hire white people
Attitudes in the South
many white Southerners believed African-Americans were inferior
most Southerners tried to prevent Reconstruction in the South
How fully does Source C describe the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876.
Custer was in desperate need of success. He had been in trouble with the army authorities for disobedience. Custer thought if he was a national hero, he might become President of the USA. Once he saw the Sioux, Custer was extremely confident that he could easily defeat any number of Indigenous Americans. He divided his forces with the aim that none of the braves could escape him. With only 215 men, Custer advanced towards the waiting Sioux enemy. Custer was outnumbered something like six to one.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Once he saw the Sioux, Custer was extremely confident that he could easily defeat any number of Indigenous Americans. (Custer didnβt believe he would lose against the Sioux.)
He divided his forces with the aim that none of the braves could escape him. (Custer split his troops.)
With only 215 men, Custer advanced towards the waiting Sioux enemy. (Custer only had a small number of soldiers.)
Custer was outnumbered something like six to one. (Custer was outnumbered by the Indigenous Americans.)
Points of significant omission
Custer was defeated in the battle
thousands of Indigenous Americans were present at Bighorn
Indigenous Americans had modern repeating rifles
Custer did not wait for back up from other divisions
Custerβs soldiersβ guns jammed
Custer thought the scouts had exaggerated the number of Indigenous Americans
Describe the problems for settlers travelling West.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
mountains were difficult to cross
settlers experienced extreme weather conditions, for example, sandstorms or blizzards
wild animals could attack travellers
wagon trains often strayed off the trail and became lost
wagons often broke down
high death rate on journey
wagon trains were sometimes attacked, for example, by bandits from Mexico or Native Americans
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the life of homesteaders.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the life of homesteaders.
A homestead was a piece of land given to settlers by the American government to encourage people to move West. Homesteaders lived very isolated lives with their nearest neighbours often being many miles away. The Great Plains were usually very dry and it was difficult to get water, leading to droughts. There was often a lack of medical care as there were few doctors in the West, so many homesteaders died of diseases like cholera.
Source B
Sources A and B are about the life of homesteaders.
After 1850, large numbers of people settled in the Great Plains. Many community activities were organised for homesteaders, which meant that they were not lonely. As more doctors began to move West, all towns had access to medical treatment, leading to fewer deaths from disease. Many homesteaders used windmills to pump water from underground sources meaning they always had a supply. Homesteaders who did not adapt their farming styles often failed, so returned East.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the life of homesteaders.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source A: Homesteaders lived very isolated lives with their nearest neighbours often being many miles away.
Source B: Many community activities were organised for homesteaders, which meant that they were not lonely.
disagree
Source A: The Great Plains were usually very dry and it was difficult to get water, leading to droughts.
Source B: Many homesteaders used windmills to pump water from underground sources meaning they always had a supply.
disagree
Source A: There was often a lack of medical care as there were few doctors in the West, so many homesteaders died of diseases like cholera.
Source B: As more doctors began to move West, all towns had access to medical treatment, leading to fewer deaths from disease.
Explain the reasons why the Civil War broke out in America.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
North and South disagreed over slavery, causing the war
the South were worried that Lincoln would abolish slavery after his election, leading to war
shots were fired at Fort Sumter leading to fighting
many Southerners believed their state's rights were being infringed leading to war
Southerners objected to the Republican Party election promises causing them to go to war
secession made the war more likely as Southern states started to leave, for example, the role of South Carolina
abolitionists increased tension over slavery, causing the Civil War, for example, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
economic differences created divisions between North and South causing war, for example, agriculture versus industry
tension over the expansion of slavery into the West helped lead to Civil War
Kansas-Nebraska increased tension in the 1850s
legal disputes over slavery, for example, Dred Scott
How fully does Source C explain the reasons why the Black Codes had a negative impact on the lives of African-Americans?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C explains the reasons why the Black Codes had a negative impact on the lives of African-Americans.
The Black Codes were laws passed in the South after slavery was abolished. States like Mississippi wouldn't allow formerly enslaved people to own property, meaning they couldn't support themselves. However, African-Americans could now marry and sue in court. Previously enslaved people working for whites were made to sign labour contracts that included punishments for breaking them. Unemployed freedmen were punished with severe fines and made to work on plantations if they were unable to pay. Orphaned children of formerly enslaved people were forced to enter into compulsory apprenticeships.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
States like Mississippi wouldn't allow formerly enslaved people to own property, meaning they couldn't support themselves. (Formerly enslaved people could not own land.)
Previously enslaved people working for whites were made to sign labour contracts that included punishments for breaking them. (Formerly enslaved people had to follow strict rules in their job.)
Unemployed freedmen were punished with severe fines and made to work on plantations if they were unable to pay. (Formerly enslaved people could be fined.)
Orphaned children of formerly enslaved people were forced to enter into compulsory apprenticeships. (Orphans were forced into certain jobs.)
Points of significant omission
African-Americans were prevented from voting meaning they were not getting equal rights
African-Americans were not allowed to carry arms meaning they couldn't defend themselves
African-Americans were not allowed to hold meetings after dark meaning they were controlled in their free time
African-Americans needed permission to leave their job meaning they were kept in employment they didn't like
African-Americans were not allowed to move from place to place without a permit
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2024Q60USA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source D as evidence of the reasons for conflict between settlers and Native Americans.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D β is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 1984.
At first, white settlers had been quite happy for Native Americans to roam the prairies because to them it was just a great desert. In the 1850s, settlers and miners created tension by crossing Native American territory on their way to California and Oregon. The native peoples depended on the buffalo for survival but these were almost hunted to extinction by the settlers. Native Americans were unhappy that settlers began to build farms on the prairies which was traditional burial land.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author/Type/Purpose/Timing
Author: modern historian β Useful as they are a well-informed expert about reasons for conflict between settlers and Native Americans.
Type of Source: textbook β Useful as it is a well-researched account of the problems between Native Americans and the government.
Purpose: to inform β Useful as it provides a detailed account of the causes of conflict between settlers and Native Americans.
Timing: 1984 β Useful as it was written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
In the 1850s, settlers and miners created tension by crossing Native American territory on their way to California and Oregon. (Useful because it is accurate (settlers crossing Native land caused friction).)
The native peoples depended on the buffalo for survival but these were almost hunted to extinction by the settlers. (Useful because it is accurate (the Native Americans required buffalo to live causing conflict).)
Native Americans were unhappy that settlers began to build farms on the prairies which was traditional burial land. (Useful because it is accurate (land was taken from Native Americans making them angry).)
Points of significant omission
Native Americans were put into reservations by the American government causing hostility
Native Americans attacked railroads leading to the army attacking villages
breaking of treaties by the American government caused conflict, for example, Laramie
discovery of precious metals led to influx of miners into Native American territory, which caused conflict, for example, Black Hills
How fully does Source A describe the problems for settlers travelling West?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the problems for settlers travelling West.
From the 1850s many settlers decided to travel West in order to improve their prospects. The length of the journey often stretched over several thousand miles. During the journey, settlers generally travelled in a covered wagon that gave only a little protection from the weather. The climate could change quickly and many settlers were killed by extreme weather events like flash floods. Even with experienced guides, the wide prairies could present dangers such as a shortage of fresh water. Despite these dangers, settlers still headed West in large numbers.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The length of the journey often stretched over several thousand miles. (The journey was long.)
During the journey settlers generally travelled in a covered wagon that gave only a little protection from the weather. (The settlers had little protection or shelter.)
Weather conditions could change quickly and many settlers were killed by extreme weather events like flash floods. (Settlers faced hazardous weather conditions.)
Even with experienced guides the wide prairies could present dangers such as a shortage of fresh water. (Settlers were faced with a shortage of drinking water.)
Points of significant omission
settlers faced a lack of food, or even starvation
breakages or loss of equipment could lead to disaster
disease was common, particularly cholera or typhus
attacks from Native American tribes were a danger
there were physical barriers for settlers, for example, mountains or rivers
there was a lack of towns or infrastructure along the way to support the journey West
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2023Q60USA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the relations between the slave and non-slave states.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from a speech given by a Southern politician in 1850
Source B is from a speech given by a Southern politician in 1850.
The Northβs insistence on meddling in the affairs of Southern states has placed the Union in danger. The reluctance of the North to guarantee the continuation of slavery in the South has been allowed to go on and on. The Abolitionistβs insistence on attacking the freedoms of the South has caused discontent in the Southern section of the Union. This is the time, gentlemen, to decide how to proceed in these unsettled times β should you wish for the Union to be saved!
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspect of the source
Author: a Southern politician (Useful as it is an eyewitness account of the relations between slave and non-slave states.)
Type of Source: speech (Useful as it gives the views of a southern politician.)
Purpose: to criticise the North (Useful as it highlights tension between the slave and non-slave states.)
Timing: 1850 (Useful as it is during a period of tension between slave and non-slave states.)
Content
The Northβs insistence on meddling in the affairs of Southern states has placed the Union in danger. (Useful because it is accurate (the slave states did feel the North was meddling and this threatened the Union).)
The reluctance of the North to guarantee the continuation of slavery in the South has been allowed to go on and on. (Useful because it is accurate (the slave states did feel that the North was undermining slavery).)
The Abolitionistβs insistence on attacking the freedoms of the South has caused considerable discontent in the Southern section of the Union. (Useful because it is accurate (many in the South felt that the Abolitionistβs campaigns had caused great tension).)
Points of significant omission
the Fugitive Slave Act caused resentment in the non-slave states, for example, the powers of marshals to hunt fugitive slaves in the North
the Kansas-Nebraska Act raised the issue of popular sovereignty
the Dred Scott case horrified Northerners
John Brownβs raid on Harperβs Ferry outraged the South
Explain the reasons why some Americans reacted negatively to Reconstruction.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
some Northerners were angered that the Southern states were re-admitted to the Union so easily
Southerners didnβt like reconstruction as it encouraged carpet baggers
many Republicans rejected Lincolnβs conciliatory messages to the South, for example, his claim to hold βno ill willβ for the war
some Americans were angry because they felt it was the Senate and not the President who should control reconstruction
some Southerners were resentful at newly freed slaves βflauntingβ their freedom, for example, leaving plantations
many Americans feared reconstruction would lead to equality between white and black Americans, for example, black suffrage, 14th Amendment
Northerners were angered by President Johnsonβs lenient policy on pardons for the Southerners
Northerners were angered by President Johnsonβs obstruction of the Freedmenβs Bureau
many Southerners disliked the fact that Confederate military leaders were banned from holding political office
Southerners felt that reconstruction was damaging βwhite rightsβ leading to a violent backlash, for example, the formation of groups like the KKK
many black Americans were angered that many of the promises of reconstruction were not delivered
How important were the actions of the US government as a reason for conflict between settlers and Native Americans?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Actions of the US government
many Native Americans were angered by the US governmentβs frequent breaking of treaties. For example, the Fort Laramie Treaty
many Native Americans were angered by the seizure of their land for cultivation by settlers
Native Americans were resentful of being thrown off their land when valuable resources were discovered, for example, gold
Racist attitudes
many settlers viewed the Native American culture as backward
widespread belief in Manifest Destiny justified the expansion of white settlers
many settlers believed Native Americans were not entitled to legal protection
popular white American culture encouraged racist treatment
Armed conflict
armed conflict increased tension between the settlers and Native Americans. For example, the impact of the Sand Creek Massacre
Native American military tactics such as ambushes and scalping were viewed as barbaric by the settlers
Impact of the settlers
Native Americans were angered at the expansion of the railway which disrupted their way of life
deliberate over-hunting of the buffalo destroyed the Native American way of life
Native Americans were angered by the destruction of sacred lands, for example, the Black Hills
How important was the attack on Fort Sumter as a reason for the outbreak of the Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Attack on Fort Sumter
Federal troops occupied Fort Sumter causing tension
attempts to resupply Fort Sumter (in January 1861) were prevented by South Carolina causing tension
South Carolina attacked Fort Sumter causing Northern outrage
after Fort Sumter Virginia seceded making war more likely
Southern Secession
some Southern States secede straight after Lincolnβs election (November 1860)
South Carolina sent representatives to other Southern States to persuade them to secede (1860-1861)
the Confederate States of America was formed in February 1861
other Southern States seceded before and after Lincolnβs appointment as President
Role of Abraham Lincoln
Southern States despised Lincoln and his political ideas
Lincoln was criticised for his inaction during the 1860 election campaign
Southerners feared that Lincoln would move to prevent slavery
Southerners argued that Lincoln had been elected without any support from the South
Describe the problems for settlers travelling West after 1850.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
wagons could be damaged, for example, canvas torn or wheels broken
wagons could be swept away during river crossings
poor weather conditions slowed journeys, for example, blizzards and sandstorms
Native Americans could attack settlers
animal attacks could be fatal, for example, snake bites or stampeding buffalo
lack of doctors meant that illnesses such as cholera could be fatal
wagon trains could be easily lost causing delays to the journey
settlers could run out of supplies of food and/or water
How important was the election of Abraham Lincoln as a cause of the American Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark given for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge.
A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Abraham Lincoln
rise of the Republican Party was seen as representing Northern interests which upset the South
Lincoln was elected President in 1860 and the South feared he would abolish slavery
Lincoln re-supplied Fort Sumter, in response Confederate troops opened fire
Territorial expansion
Kansas β Nebraska Act meant that states could choose if they were free/slave which delighted the south and angered the North causing tension
Secession by Southern states
growing anger in the South over failure in the North to respect individual statesβ rights
Southern states left the union after Lincolnβs election as they believed they would not be fairly treated
soon after Lincolnβs election, South Carolina seceded and were quickly followed by others which angered the North
Slavery
the southern economy depended on slavery and so they were anxious about the North trying to get rid of it
the North disliked slavery as it didnβt suit their economy
abolitionists caused tension and made the South even more suspicious, for example, the raid on Harpers Ferry
Compare the views of Sources A and B about slave life on Southern plantations before the outbreak of the American Civil War.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about slave life on Southern plantations before the outbreak of the American Civil War.
Work in the sugar fields was extremely hard, especially when the crop was being harvested. The best slaves were usually bought between the ages of 15β20. Their diet was inadequate and at times even basic food was in short supply. Slaves were punished in a variety of ways such as being shifted to other parts of the country or even sold to a different owner.
Source B
Slave work varied enormously depending on the crop. Sugar was grown in many plantations because it was very profitable. Sugar made the harshest of demands: six months of heavy harvesting and gathering in hot tropical weather. Slaves everywhere faced the possibility of having their family lives disrupted by removal to another plantation. Slaves were given little to eat which was barely enough to keep them from hunger.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about slave life on Southern plantations.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Work in the sugar fields was extremely hard, especially when the crop was being harvested.
Source B: Sugar made the harshest of demands: six months of heavy harvesting and gathering in hot tropical weather.
agree
Source A: Their diet was inadequate and at times even basic food was in short supply.
Source B: Slaves were given little to eat which was barely enough to keep them from hunger.
agree
Source A: Slaves were punished in a variety of ways such as being shifted to other parts of the country or even sold to a different owner.
Source B: Slaves everywhere faced the possibility of having their family lives disrupted by removal to another plantation.
Explain the reasons why the Black Codes had an impact on African Americans in the South.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
African Americans were not able to vote which meant they had no political power
African Americans were not allowed to carry firearms which meant they were unable to defend themselves against white violence
African Americans could not buy land in some areas which made life difficult
some African American marriages were not recognised by white Americans
unemployed African Americans could be arrested, fined or imprisoned which forced them to remain in poorly paid jobs
some states introduced segregation meaning that African Americans did not have access to the same level of facilities as White Southerners, for example, housing
a curfew of 10pm was imposed on African Americans which restricted their freedom
it was very difficult for African Americans to sue a white person in court which meant they had fewer legal rights
African Americans were not allowed to hold any public meetings after sunset which restricted their freedom of movement
African Americans were not able to preach to a congregation without permission which restricted their rights to free speech
How fully does Source C describe the conflicts between Native Americans and the American Government?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C describes the conflicts between Native Americans and the American Government.
White expansion Westward created tension between Native Americans and the settlers. General Custer was chosen to lead part of the US Army against the Native Americans. At the Battle of Little Bighorn, General Custer led the 7th Cavalry to try and round up the rebellious Native Americans and take them back to their reservation. Unknown to Custer, around 2,000 Native American warriors were waiting for him. Many of the warriors had horses and modern repeating rifles. Custer ignored his scouts thinking they had exaggerated Native American numbers.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
At the Battle of Little Bighorn, General Custer led the 7th Cavalry to try and round up the rebellious Native Americans and take them back to their reservation. (General Custer fought the Native Americans at Little Bighorn to try and control them.)
Unknown to Custer, around 2,000 Native American warriors were waiting for him. (A large number of Native Americans ambushed Custer.)
Many of the warriors had horses and modern repeating rifles. (The Native Americans were well armed.)
Custer ignored his scouts thinking they had exaggerated Native American numbers. (Custer ignored the intelligence of his military scouts.)
Points of significant omission
many of Custerβs menβs guns jammed at Bighorn
225 of Custerβs men including Custer were killed at little Bighorn
Custer did not wait for back up before he attacked
450 Native Americans were killed at Sand Creek
at Sand Creek, two-thirds of the dead were women and children
Native Americans raised the American flag; white flag at Sand Creek as the warriors were away hunting
How fully does Source D describe the help given by the Freedmenβs Bureau during Reconstruction in the South?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source D
Source D describes the help given by the Freedmenβs Bureau during Reconstruction in the South.
The Freedmenβs Bureau was established in March 1865 by the government of President Abraham Lincoln to improve the lives of freed slaves. The Freedmenβs Bureau was set up to help former slaves get legal help. Freedmen would get temporary shelter and packages of clothing and food to relieve their suffering. The Bureau would confiscate abandoned land to rent to Freedmen. The Bureau helped legalise former slavesβ marriages. The Freedmenβs Bureau also created a great deal of hostility from white southerners who disliked northern interference in their way of life.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their interpretation of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
The Freedmenβs Bureau was set up to help former slaves get legal help. (The Freedmanβs Bureau offered legal aid to former enslaved people.)
Freedman would get temporary shelter and packages of clothing and food to relieve their suffering. (Freedmen got help with necessaries of life.)
The bureau would confiscate abandoned land to rent to Freedmen. (The Bureau rented land to Freedmen.)
The bureau helped legalise former slavesβ marriages. (The Bureau helped Freedmen legalise their marriages.)
Points of significant omission
hospitals for former enslaved people were built
schools were built for former enslaved people
teachers trained for schools
the bureau helped find their families after the war
Explain the reasons why life was difficult for homesteaders in the West.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
few materials to build cabins (for example, wood) which made life difficult
poorly built houses often led to health problems (for example, diphtheria)
extreme weather conditions often caused difficulties (for example, summer, winter)
little or no access to medical care
lack of law enforcement led to lawlessness
threat of attack from Native Americans created fear for homesteaders
lack of clean water caused disease
homesteaders often struggled to make a living (for example, drought, crop failure, affording machinery)
insects would swarm homesteader farms destroying crops that were vital for survival
because they lived on their land, homesteaders were often socially isolated from others
threatened by danger of attacks from wild animals.
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2021Q57USA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the life of slaves on Southern plantations.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010
Source A is from a textbook written by a modern historian in 2010.
The vast majority of plantations were along the Mississippi River in South Carolina, Alabama and Virginia. Some slave owners encouraged 'marriage' because they believed it made their slaves more stable. However, most slaves lived in one-roomed cabins that were cold in the winter and hot in the summer. Disease spread very quickly in these conditions. These conditions were similar for most slaves who lived in the South in the years before the American Civil War.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must evaluate the extent to which a source is useful by commenting on evidence such as the author, type of source, purpose, timing, content or omission.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Aspects of the source
Author (modern historian): Useful as they are a well-informed expert.
Type of Source (textbook): Useful because the issue will have been researched thoroughly.
Purpose (to inform): Useful as they are writing to explain the poor conditions for slaves living on plantations.
Timing (2010): Useful as the author has the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Some slave owners encouraged 'marriage' because they believed it made their slaves more stable. (Useful as it is accurate (some slaves were allowed to marry).)
However, most slaves lived in one-roomed cabins that were cold in the winter and hot in the summer. (Useful as it is accurate (slaves were made to live in very poor quality housing).)
Disease spread very quickly in these conditions. (Useful as it is accurate (diseases were common for slaves).)
Points of significant omission
slaves had no freedom on the plantations (for example, had to gain a pass to leave, some were chained at night)
slaves were often harshly punished (for example, whippings, mutilations, murder)
female slaves were exploited
slaves had to work very long hours (for example, during harvest time).
How fully does Source B explain the reasons why the Freedmen's Bureau was considered successful?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B explains the reasons why the Freedmen's Bureau was considered successful.
The Freedmen's Bureau was set up in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor Whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. The Freedmen's Bureau was successful in building hospitals in the South. They also built schools for ex-slaves allowing access to education. They also supported ex-slaves by settling disagreements with employers. Also, the Bureau was praised for its work in reuniting ex-slaves and their families after the end of the war.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each valid point selected from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement.
Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Freedmen's Bureau was successful in building hospitals in the South
they also built schools for ex-slaves allowing access to education
they also supported ex-slaves by settling disagreements with employers
also, the Bureau were praised for their work in reuniting ex-slaves and their families after the end of the war.
Points of significant omission
the Bureau provided food for millions
helped ex-slaves back into work by finding jobs
the Bureau built colleges for ex-slaves (for example, Howard University in Washington DC)
the Bureau attempted to promote land redistribution.
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the movement of the Native American tribes to the reservations.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the movement of the Native American tribes to the reservations.
The Whites were always breaking promises. We were told that if we gave up our way of life and moved to the reservations, we would have enough to live. There was never enough to eat. They also promised us medical care, but there was none. On the reservations, many of us died due to starvation and disease. But the Whites didn't care, they just wanted to build their railroad.
Source D
Native Americans had to move to the reservations for their own survival. They would not have survived without the medical care that was available from reservation doctors. Similarly, reservations provided farming land so that Native peoples could grow a plentiful supply of food. White agents did all they could to look after the Native Americans. It is wrong to say that many Native Americans died on the reservations.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall β the sources disagree about the movement of the Native American tribes to the reservations.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: There was never enough to eat.
Source D: reservations provided farming land so that Native peoples had a plentiful supply of food.
disagree
Source C: They also promised us medical care, but there was none.
Source D: They would not have survived without the medical care that was available from reservation doctors.
disagree
Source C: Many of us died due to starvation and disease.
Source D: It is wrong to say that many Native Americans died on the reservations.
Describe the events of the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or any combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
Sand Creek was a settlement of Cheyenne and Arapaho natives
the massacre was committed by Colorado Cavalry troops
an estimated 700 cavalry troops were involved in the attack
the attack was led by Colonel John Chivington
Native American men, women and children were killed in the attack
an estimated 148 Native Americans were killed
the Native Americans were hunted down after the attack
wounded Native Americans were killed and their bodies were mutilated.
Explain the reasons why settlers moved West after 1850.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of points that make the issue plain or clear, for example by showing connections between factors or causal relationships between events or ideas. These should be key reasons but there is no need for any evaluation or prioritising of these reasons.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
desire for good farmland/thought the land would be more fertile in the West
ranch owners realised the Great Plains could feed their huge herds of cattle
government publicity encouraged people to move West with promises of a better life
Government Acts eg Homestead Act, offered cheap/free land to settlers
to fulfil Manifest Destiny as many Americans saw it as their duty to spread their way of life
searching for gold/βCalifornia gold rushβ attracted many hoping to become rich
railways encouraged many settlers to move West by providing quick transport
railway companies sold land cheaply to settlers which encouraged settlers to move
some settlers were attracted West by a sense of adventure
to be able to enjoy religious freedom away from other people eg Mormons
freed slaves headed West after 1865 to escape persecution.
How fully does Source A describe the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is about the events that led to the outbreak of the Civil War.
The Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, however, increased tensions. This allowed continued expansion to the West. The real issue occurred in Kansas. Pro-slavery people of Missouri began to pour into Kansas to help force it to be a slave state. The fight over slavery even erupted on the floor of the Senate. Anti-slavery campaigner Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolinaβs pro-slavery Senator Preston Brooks.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which the source provides a full description or explanation of a given event or development.
Candidates should be awarded up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source which support their judgement. Candidates should be awarded up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Compromise of 1850 was created by Henry Clay and others to deal with the balance between slave and free states
the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, however, increased tensions
Pro-slavery people of Missouri began to pour into Kansas to help force it to be a slave state
the fight over slavery even erupted on the floor of the Senate/Anti-slavery campaigner Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolinaβs pro-slavery Senator Preston Brooks.
Points of significant omission
Dred Scott case caused unhappiness among abolitionists and Northern States
attack on Harperβs Ferry by John Brown heightened tension
South was alarmed by election of Lincoln who wanted to halt spread of slavery
Lincolnβs election was seen as the last straw by Southern States
South Carolina seceded and other Southern States followed
Fort Sumter was besieged by Confederate troops/food supplies cut off
the Confederates opened fire on the fort which led to an outburst of patriotic fever in the North.
Describe the work of the Freedmenβs Bureau after 1865.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a number of relevant, factual points. These should be key points. These do not have to be in any particular order.
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge. A second mark should be awarded for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
was set up to help newly freed slaves
it helped provide food for poor freed slaves
helped former slaves buy land for farming
paid for schools/helped former slaves learn to read and write
To what extent was the discovery of gold the main reason for westward expansion?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point. If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for a structured answer, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement, 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Discovery of gold
gold prospectors moved west in the hope of making a fortune
government grants to encourage gold prospecting (Colorado and Montana in 1858/and the Black Hills in 1874) increased westward expansion
apparent ease and success of gold panning encouraged thousands to move west in search of gold
Railways
railways made it easier for settlers to move west
cheap travel encouraged westward expansion
Manifest Destiny
many Americans believed it was their destiny to move across the continent and spread their beliefs/institutions
Manifest Destiny was encouraged by the government through grants etc
Homesteaders
settlers moved west as the government encouraged/supported homesteaders to claim land
many Americans moved west to start a new life as homesteaders
Religious freedoms
Mormons travelled west to escape religious persecution
Compare the views4 marks2019 specimenQ59USA, 1850β1880
Compare the views of Sources B and C about what happened during Reconstruction. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about what happened during Reconstruction.
Many school houses were burned down. Hostility was shown to the school teachers like me who taught in schools for blacks. Two school board directors were warned to leave the Board. One of them did. They came at night and gave these warnings. I asked them while they were whipping me what I had done. They said I wanted to make these blacks equal to the white men; that this was a white manβs country.
Source C
The violence that the whites committed was directed not only at black people but anyone who furthered their cause. Teachers in schools for black Americans became key figures so they were frequently intimidated. These attacks usually took place at night: leaving behind a burning cross they whipped, mutilated and murdered black people. Black Americans were reluctant to resist as they wanted to be seen by others as peaceful and law-abiding.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must interpret the evidence and make direct comparisons between sources. Candidates are expected to compare content directly on a point-by-point basis. They may compare the details in the sources and/or compare the viewpoints overall.
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark. A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Overall: Overall β the sources agree about what happened during Reconstruction.
Points of comparison
agree
Source B: Hostility was shown to the school teachers like me who taught in schools for blacks.
Source C: Teachers in schools for black Americans became key figures so they were frequently intimidated.
agree
Source B: They came at night and gave these warnings.
Source C: These attacks usually took place at night...
agree
Source B: ...they were whipping me...
Source C: ...they whipped, mutilated and murdered black people.
Explain the reasons why many Southerners supported slavery.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be awarded for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be awarded for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or any combination of these).
Possible reasons
Southerners supported slavery as their economy was based on the continuation of free labour
Southerners supported slavery because lack of industrialisation led to over-reliance on slave crops (for example cotton)
Southerners believed that slavery was the natural order of society and thought it should be maintained/Southerners supported slavery as they believed in the uniqueness of the βpeculiar institutionβ
Southerners feared the economic consequences of emancipation (for example having to pay wages) so supported the continuation of slavery
Southerners feared the political consequences of emancipation (for example free slaves would have to be given the franchise)
Southerners pointed to the Bible as their justification for slavery
Southerners saw slavery as βcivilisingβ the slaves and therefore were supportive of it
Southerners argued that slaves were being better treated than Northern industrial workers and benefitted from slavery
To what extent9 marks2019 specimenQ60USA, 1850β1880
To what extent was the discovery of gold the main reason for growing tension between the Native Americans and the white settlers?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 9 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the extent to which different factors contributed to an event or development, or its impact. They are required to provide a balanced account of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion based on the evidence presented.
Up to 5 marks can be awarded for relevant, factual, key points of knowledge used to support factors, with 1 mark awarded for each point (but one mark should be deducted if the correct process is not clear in at least two factors). If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be awarded for relevant points of knowledge. A further 4 marks can be awarded for providing the answer in a structured way and coming to a reasoned conclusion.
Up to 4 marks should be awarded for presenting the answer in a structured way, leading to a conclusion which addresses the question: 1 mark for an introduction, 1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way, 1 mark for a conclusion with a valid judgement (or overall summary), 1 mark for a reason in support of the judgement.
Discovery of gold
Bozeman Trail was cause of conflict/triggered war: Native Americans opposed white men building road to gold mines
Trail passed through Yellowstone River/heart of Sioux hunting grounds
Custerβs discovery of gold in Black Hills brought thousands of miners/Black Hills were sacred Sioux territory
grants to encourage gold prospecting alarmed Native Americans (Colorado and Montana in 1858 and the Black Hills in 1874).
Railways
railroads caused tension with Native Americans: opened up West/encouraged white settlers to buy prairie lands
building railways across the Plains disturbed the Native American hunting grounds/ migration of the buffalo.
Buffalo
Native Americans feared destruction of bison/buffalo herds: reliance on buffalo for all their needs
railroad companies sent in hunters to kill buffalo.
Beliefs
Native Americans believed Great Spirit created land for their care; whites had a βproperty attitudeβ
white settlers believed in Manifest Destiny that they had the right to settle where they wanted.
Treaties
treaties with the Native Americans were broken/Native Americans felt betrayed due to broken promises.
Reservations
many white Americans favoured setting up reservations to keep Native Americans out of their way/Native American feared reservations would mean the destruction of their way of life.
How fully does Source A describe the problems facing black Americans during Reconstruction?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the problems facing black Americans during Reconstruction.
After the Civil War, the Southern governments passed laws which limited most opportunities for freed slaves. In some cases, the Black Codes left freedmen not much better off than they had been before the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. They were kept from giving evidence against white Americans in all court trials. Ex-slaves had to sign agreements with their employers with strict penalties if the terms were breached. Some Northerners believed that the laws were in effect re-establishing slavery. Racism was still rife across the South so black Americans still suffered hardship.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
the Black Codes left freedmen not much better off than they had been before the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation
they were kept from giving evidence against Whites in all court trials
ex-slaves had to sign agreements with their employers with strict penalties if the terms were breached
racism was still rife across the South so black Americans still suffered hardship.
Points of significant omission
Northern carpetbaggers exploited many black Americans
Ku Klux Klan were active in terrorising Black American communities
examples of Black Codes that were introduced to limit the freedoms of Black Americans
economic problems due to sharecropping
extreme poverty due to lack of education
Jim Crow laws led to segregation in many walks of life
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2019Q62USA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source B as evidence of the reasons why there was conflict between Native Americans and white settlers.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β from an interview with Big Eagle, in 1862
Source B is from an interview with Big Eagle, in 1862.
During the summer there were disagreements amongst the Sioux and also great trouble with the Whites. Many white men often abuse us and treat us badly. The Whites are always trying to make us give up our way of life and live like white men β to work hard at farming and do as they do. We do not know how to do that, and do not want to anyway. If we attempted to make the Whites live like us, the Whites would resist this.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
For a mark to be awarded, the candidate must identify an aspect of the source and make a comment which shows why this aspect makes the source more or less useful.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source. A maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Points from the source
Author: Big Eagle. Useful as he was an eyewitness.
Type of Source: interview. Useful because it shows the opinions of Native Americans.
Purpose: to record. Less useful as he may be biased.
Timing: 1862. Useful as it was written during the Sioux Wars.
Content: Many white men often abuse us and treat us badly. Useful as it is accurate (Native Americans were abused by white settlers and reservation agents).
Content: The Whites are always trying to make us give up our way of life and live like white men. Useful as it is accurate (Native Americans were encouraged to adopt the ways of the whites and go to farming).
Content: If we attempted to make the Whites live like us, the Whites would resist this. Useful as it is accurate (Native Americans were angry that federal policy was hypocritical).
Points of significant omission
Native Americans felt betrayed after broken treaties
Native Americans wanted freedom to hunt/sell furs
tensions over white βproperty aspectβ to land
disruption/killing of buffalo herds/hunting grounds disturbed by homesteaders and railway building
Native Americans felt that sacred lands had been violated (for example Black Hills of Dakota)
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2018Q56USA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the reasons why people moved West.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A is from a textbook written by modern historians, published in 1998.
The American Civil War lasted from 1861 to 1865. After the war ended, thousands of former soldiers wanted to rebuild their lives. Many of the newly freed black slaves were looking for a new life. One obvious place to go was the West. The US government also recognised the need to populate the West and to achieve this, they passed the Homestead Act in 1862. This law encouraged people to move West and allowed each family to settle on 160 acres of land.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to the content of the source.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for evaluative comments relating to points of significant omission.
Author
Modern historians β Useful because they are well-informed experts.
Type of source
Textbook β Useful because it will have researched the issue thoroughly.
Purpose
To inform β Useful because it is a detailed explanation of the reasons for Westward expansion.
Timing
1998 β Useful because it has been written with the benefit of hindsight.
Content
Thousands of former soldiers wanted to rebuild their lives β Useful as it is accurate (many ex-soldiers did go West to rebuild their lives).
Many of the newly freed black slaves were looking for a new life β Useful as it is accurate (many former slaves did want to leave the South for a new life in the West).
The Homestead Act in 1862 encouraged people to move West/allowed each family to settle on 160 acres of land β Useful as it is accurate (many settlers did move West because of the promise of free land).
Points of significant omission
people moved West to make a fortune by looking for gold
people moved West to escape economic problems in the East (eg unemployment, low wages, overcrowded cities)
people moved West to escape religious persecution in the East (eg Mormons)
Describe the problems faced by settlers who travelled West.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 4 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing four straightforward points, by making two developed points (or a combination of these).
Possible points of knowledge
very few reliable maps/unreliable routes/poor roads/no bridges
harsh and unpredictable weather
homesteaders became ill/caught diseases and were unable to receive medical attention
Explain the reasons why support for the Republican Party grew in the 1850s.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons (or a combination of these).
Possible reasons
people supported the Republicans because they appeared to be the anti-slavery party
people supported the Republicans because they advocated the return to high protective tariffs
people supported the Republicans because they wished to give free grants of land to Western settlers
people supported the Republicans because they appeared to be the party of big business and the North was developing in this way
people supported the Republicans because they were successful at securing majorities in the Senate so could implement their policies
people supported the Republicans because Lincoln was an able leader
European immigrants supported the Republicans because they opposed slavery/tended to settle in the northern cities
split in Democrats along North/South lines drove some northern Democrats to the Republicans.
How fully does Source B describe the treatment of newly freed slaves by the Black Codes? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Source B is about the Black Codes.
The Black Codes were laws that were passed by the Southern States after the Civil War. They were designed to limit the freedom of ex-slaves. They gave newly freed slaves the essential right to own and inherit property. Former slaves also had the right to legal protection. However, the Black Codes tried to prevent them from using their right to vote in elections. In certain states, Black Codes banned newly freed slaves from certain jobs and made sure that they could only earn very low wages.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates should be given up to 3 marks for their identification of points from the source that support their judgement.
Candidates should be given up to 4 marks for their identification of points of significant omission, based on their own knowledge, that support their judgement.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
they gave newly freed slaves the right to own and inherit property
former slaves also had the right to legal protection
the Black Codes tried to prevent them from using their right to vote in elections
Black Codes banned newly freed slaves from certain jobs/made sure that they could only earn very low wages
Points of significant omission
ex-slaves could not run their own business
ex-slaves were not allowed to bear arms
ex-slaves were allowed to marry in some states
ex-slaves were forced to be tried in separate courts
ex-slaves were not allowed to strike or leave their jobs
ex-slaves could not testify in court against whites.
Compare the views of Sources C and D about the attitudes of Native Americans to their treatment by the US Government. (Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Sources C and D are about the reaction of Native Americans to their treatment by the US Government.
We want to die in peace feeling that our numbers will not diminish and that our name will not become extinct. We cannot accept being forced to live on land which is not suitable to our needs. Our people are decreasing in numbers here, and will continue to decrease unless they are allowed to return to their native land. There is no climate or soil which is equal to our previous home.
Source D
After the battle of the Little Bighorn there was no prospect of a Native American military victory against the whites. The only option for us was life on a reservation which had some advantages. We were given adequate amounts of land on which to grow crops. Most accepted the change from being hunters to farmers. Food rations were sufficient and the Native American population increased.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or viewpoint the sources agree or disagree on and should be awarded 1 mark.
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be awarded a second mark.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons (or by any combination of these).
Overall: Overall both sources disagree about the reaction of Native Americans to their treatment by the US Government.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source C: We cannot accept being forced to live on land which is not suitable to our needs.
Source D: Most accepted the change from being hunters to farmers/The only option for us was life on a reservation which had some advantages.
disagree
Source C: There is no climate or soil which is equal to our previous home.
Source D: We were given adequate amounts of land on which to grow crops.
disagree
Source C: Our people are decreasing in numbers here, and will continue to decrease unless they are allowed to return to their native land.
Source D: Food rations were sufficient and the Native American population increased.
Compare the views4 marks2017Q44β³ Older formatUSA, 1850β1880
Compare the views of Sources A and B about the treatment of slaves on Southern Plantations.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Sources A and B are about the treatment of slaves on Southern Plantations.
The cotton planter gave me meat and bread with the other slaves, which was not half enough for me to live upon. He flogged me nearly every day. He set me to work without any shirt in the cotton field, in a very hot sun. When a slave runs away, the master always adopts a more strict system of flogging. When I was caught, I got a severe flogging of one hundred lashes each time.
Source B
The usual method of punishing slaves was using a system of floggings, beatings and in some severe cases, hanging. As well as the beatings, slaves were given the absolute minimum amount of food to survive. Some slaves were punished by being tied to trees on the plantation, often in the burning heat of the sun. However, some slaves were treated better on plantations by their masters.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail.
A simple comparison should be given 1 mark; a developed comparison should be given 2 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these.
Overall: Both sources agree about the treatment of slaves on Southern Plantations.
Points of comparison
agree
Source A: Gave me meat and bread with the other slaves, which was not half enough for me to live upon
Source B: Slaves were given the absolute minimum amount of food to survive
agree
Source A: He flogged me nearly every day/I got a severe flogging of one hundred lashes
Source B: The usual method of punishing slaves was using a system of floggings
agree
Source A: He set me to work without any shirt in the cotton field, in a very hot sun
Source B: Some slaves were punished by being tied to trees on the plantation, often in the burning heat of the sun
How fully6 marks2017Q45β³ Older formatUSA, 1850β1880
How fully does Source C explain the reasons for Southern secession in 1861? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source C
Source C is about the reasons for Southern secession in 1861.
Why did the Confederate states secede? Some writers argued they seceded to escape the high taxes that they thought would come with a Republican election victory. The main reason for secession was that the Southerners had come to feel themselves a separate community. They had come more and more to dislike and despise, to hate and fear, their northern neighbours. There was also a feeling in the South that there would be more advantages to secession than staying in the union.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
Southern States seceded in order to escape high taxes
Southern States thought of themselves as a separate community
Southern States disliked/despised/hated/feared their northern neighbours
there was also a feeling in the South that there would be more advantages to secession than staying in the union
Points of significant omission
Lincolnβs election alarmed pro-slavery Southerners/saw him as an abolitionist
Southerners wanted to protect slavery for economic reasons/Southerners viewed slavery as essential to protecting their way of life
economic differences between the industrial North and agricultural South
secession down to a fear of losing statesβ rights
Describe the activities of the Freedmenβs Bureau.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these.
Possible points of knowledge
the Bureau was set up to help newly freed black slaves
Explain the reasons why there was conflict between white settlers and Native Americans.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
clash of cultures β many white Americans saw Native Americans as savages/inferior (they thought westward expansion was their right)
Native Americans wanted freedom to roam/hunt; white Americans wanted to farm
treaties with the Native Americans broken β felt betrayed due to regularly broken promises
White settlers had a βproperty attitudeβ towards land/Native Americans did not/believed that Great Spirit had created land for their care
Government grants to encourage gold prospecting alarmed Native Americans (Colorado & Montana in 1858/& the Black Hills in 1874)
many white Americans favoured setting up reservations/Native Americans objected to reservation life β not enough government support
White/Native American tension led to atrocities/massacres/wars (eg Fetterman massacre in 1866 Battle of Little Big Horn 1876)
hunting/sacred grounds disturbed by settlers/miners/railroads crossing Native American territory on the way to California and Oregon
destruction of buffalo herds brought further conflict β took away Native American means of supporting life on the Plains
Describe the problems faced by the different groups who travelled west after 1850.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks.
Possible points of knowledge
problems of trying to cross mountains and rivers
difficulties with wagons (eg broken wheels)
had to be timed to complete journey before winter struck
dangers of weather β possibility of being stuck in snow
had to cross deserts and plains/lack of water
navigating the terrain was challenging
problems of supplies lasting for the whole journey/lack of fuel in treeless plains
Explain the reasons why the Southern States seceded from the Union in 1861.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Possible reasons
failure to resolve slavery as an issue between the states
failure to resolve disputes over tariffs
growth of abolitionism in North
Dred Scott Case upset Northern States and abolitionists
Kansas β Nebraska Act led to βBleeding Kansasβ
growing tension between North and South (eg incidents such as John Brown/Harpers Ferry)
south felt it was being blocked from expansion in new western territories
growing industry/wealth and immigrant population of North was at odds with plantation life of South
growth of Republican Party which favoured Northern interests/North increasingly dominating politics
south felt it was being marginalised/losing influence
election of Lincoln in 1860 angered Southern states who saw it as an attack upon them
Evaluate the usefulness5 marks2016Q46β³ Older formatUSA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of slave life on plantations before 1861.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on what type of source it is, who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say and what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β is from a letter written by George Fitzhugh, a Southern lawyer, in 1857.
The slaves of the South are the happiest and are, in many ways, the most free people in the world. The children, the aged and the sick do not work at all. They have all the comforts and necessaries of life provided for them such as food and housing. The slave women do little hard work. On average the slave men and boys do not work more than nine hours a day in good weather.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 5 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks can be given for evaluative comments relating to the author, type of source, purpose and timing.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for comments relating to the content, and 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author/type/purpose/timing
Author: George Fitzhugh β Useful as he was an eyewitness/first-hand experience
Type of Source: Letter β Useful as it gives his own honest opinion
Purpose: To persuade β Less useful as it presents a biased view of slavery
Timing: 1857 β Useful as it was written at the time when slavery existed
Points from the source
The children, the aged and the sick do not work at all β Less useful as not true of all plantations
They have all the comforts and necessaries of life provided for them such as food and housing β Less useful as false impression given is of caring owners
The slave men and boys do not work more than nine hours a day in good weather/the slave women do little hard work β Less useful as slaves worked very long hours in all weathers
Points of significant omission
no mention of punishments
no mention of particular mistreatment of female slaves
How fully5 marks2016Q47β³ Older formatUSA, 1850β1880
How fully does Source B describe the impact of Reconstruction in the South after 1865?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B β is part of a speech made by Frederick Douglass, a former slave, in 1880.
Slaves were made free in 1865. At first there were great hopes for change. But today, in most of the Southern States, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution are almost totally ignored. The right of citizenship granted in the Fourteenth Amendment is practically a mockery. The right to vote, provided for in the Fifteenth Amendment, is under attack. The old ruling class is victorious today and the newly freed slaves are little better off than they were before the rebellion of the Southern States against the Union.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events.
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided.
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers in which no judgement has been made or which refer only to the source.
Points from the source
slaves were made free in 1865
the right of citizenship granted in the Fourteenth Amendment is practically a mockery/is ignored
the right to vote, provided for in the Fifteenth Amendment, is under attack/is ignored
the old ruling class is victorious today/the newly freed slaves are little better off than they were before
Points of significant omission
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags exploited opportunities in South
Freedmanβs Bureau helped freed slaves with their needs (eg jobs)
Sharecroppers little better off after 1865
Black Codes restricted the rights of black Americans eg could not leave employment without permission
KKK and other groups used violence to attack freed slaves
Jim Crow Laws began to be passed after 1877 (eg separate facilities)
Explain the reasons why Native Americans opposed westward expansion.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events.
Up to a maximum of 6 marks in total, 1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed.
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing six straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these.
Possible reasons
the migration of the buffalo was disturbed (homesteaders/railways)
settlers were killing the buffalo
settlers spread disease such as cholera among tribes
Native Americans were being forced off their traditional/sacred lands
Native Americans were signing treaties with the US Government (such as Laramie and Medicine Creek) which were broken
Native Americans felt lied to by the US Government
Native Americans felt cheated β food was of poor quality or money promised was not paid
army attacks such as Sand Creek or Washita River continued to cause resentment
Native Americans were being forced to live on reservations which they resented
any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
To what extent8 marks2015Q48β³ Older formatUSA, 1850β1880
To what extent did the election of Lincoln as President in 1860 lead to the outbreak of the Civil War?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.amber = the isolated factor to weigh up.
(You must use recalled knowledge to present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
To what extent / How important / How successful Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)a factor
There are several reasons why words from the question. These include the isolated factor, FACTOR 2, and FACTOR 3.β 1 mark (introduction)
Some historians think the isolated factor was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact (up to 5)
However, other historians think FACTOR 2 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 mark (balance) + 1 KU per fact
Other historians think FACTOR 3 was words from the question because _____. Also _____.β 1 KU mark per fact
Overall, the isolated factor / FACTOR 2 / FACTOR 3 was the most important words from the question. This is because [reason why β does not need to be new].β 2 marks (conclusion)
How it's marked
5 marks for knowledge β 1 KU mark for each accurate, developed fact you give to support your factors (not too brief). If only one factor is presented, max 3 for knowledge.
Structure marks: 1 for an introduction, 1 for balance (more than one factor), 2 for a conclusion (1 for a valid judgement, 1 for a reason supporting it).
π‘It is asking: one factor is a reason β but there are others, so decide which was MOST important.
π‘Each fact you add (including every "Alsoβ¦") earns a KU mark, as long as it is developed and not too brief β up to 5.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 8 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Up to 5 marks are allocated for relevant points of knowledge used to address the question. 1 mark should be given for each relevant, factual key point of knowledge used to support a factor.
If only one factor is presented, a maximum of 3 marks should be given for relevant points of knowledge.
1 mark for the answer being presented in a structured way; 1 mark given for a conclusion with a valid judgement or overall summary; 1 mark given for a reason being provided in support of the judgement.
Lincoln's election
southerners feared he would abolish slavery
some Southern States had not carried his name on ballot papers which angered Republican supporters in the North
South Carolina seceded from Union as a result of Lincoln's election/other states followed
rise of the Republican party seen as representing Northern interests which upset the South
Issue of Slavery
South feared economic impact of abolition e.g. loss of cheap labour
abolitionist activities caused tension between North and South ('Uncle Tom's Cabin'/Underground Railroad)
compromise of 1850 had allowed California to be a free state/it also saw the introduction of Fugitive Slave Law β this caused more hostility in the North
raid on Harpers Ferry by John Brown had worried Southern States
Dred Scott case concerned many anti-slavery supporters, it allowed the existence of slavery in the Northern States
Kansas Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty. This led to violence between pro and anti-slavery supporters which heightened tension
Evaluate the usefulness6 marks2015Q49β³ Older formatUSA, 1850β1880
Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the effects of Reconstruction on the Southern States after 1865.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(You may want to comment on who wrote it, when they wrote it, why they wrote it, what they say or what has been missed out.)
Tip: Highlight up to 2 content points you would quote (content is worth up to 2 marks) β then consider author, purpose, timing and omission.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A β Source A is from a report written by an officer of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866.
The freed slaves in Texas have been terrorised by attacks from the desperate men of the local area. These freed men are scared to report any murder of a black man. The murderers dislike the fact that they no longer have control over their former slaves. Many of the former slaves are unhappy with their freedom and would prefer to still be slaves as it offered them some protection.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Evaluate the usefulness Β· Appears in 2 sections
Remember COAT
πContent β what the source says
π«Omission β what the source leaves out
βοΈAuthor β who wrote it
πTiming β when it was written
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Source X says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X also says β_____β. This is useful as it is accurate information about words from the question.β 1 mark (content)
Source X omits _____. This makes the source less useful. Source X also omits _____. This makes the source less useful.β 1 mark (omission)
Source X was written by _____. This makes the source useful because they have personal / professional experience of, or are an expert in, words from the question.β 1 mark (author)
Source X was written in _____. This is useful as it was during the time of / has the benefit of hindsight about words from the question.β 1 mark (timing)
How it's marked
Maximum 4 marks for comments on author, type of source, purpose and timing.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on the content of the source.
Maximum 2 marks for comments on points of significant omission.
π‘You can also comment on the Purpose and Type of source.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make a judgement about the usefulness of the source and support this by making evaluative comments on identified aspects of the source.
1 mark should be given for each relevant comment made, up to a maximum of 6 marks in total.
A maximum of 4 marks for author, type of source, purpose and timing; a maximum of 2 marks for content; a maximum of 2 marks for points of significant omission.
Author, type of source, purpose and timing
Author: Officer of the Freedman's Bureau β Useful because he was an eyewitness/expertise
Type of Source: Report β Useful because reports have usually been well researched
Purpose: To inform β Useful because it provides a detailed account of the effects of Reconstruction/less useful because it is one-sided
Timing: 1866. β Useful because it was written shortly after the end of the Civil War
Points from the source
The freed slaves in Texas have been terrorised by attacks from the desperate men of the local area. β Useful as it is accurate because many attacks did take place on freed slaves after 1865
The murderers dislike the fact that they no longer have control over their former slaves. β Useful as it is accurate because attacks by Southern Whites were an attempt to keep control over the freed slaves
Many of the freedmen are unhappy with their freedom and would prefer to be slaves as it offered them some protection β Useful as it is accurate because some freed slaves did not see a major improvement in their lives after 1865
Points of significant omission
no mention of the work of the Freedman's Bureau β education/advice
no mention of the changes that took place involving freed slaves eg ability to vote
led to other ways to keep control over freed slaves e.g. Jim Crow Laws
the violence of the Ku Klux Klan towards the freed slaves e.g. lynchings
sharecropping was disadvantageous to blacks in the South
any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).
Describe slave life on Southern plantations before the outbreak of the civil war.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Describe Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)
One words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A second words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A third words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
A fourth words from the question was β¦β 1 mark
Example: One use of new technology on the Western Front during the First World War was mustard gas, which was used to blind soldiers and make it more difficult for them to fight.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant key point of knowledge.
A second mark for each point that is developed.
Full marks by four straightforward points, two developed points, or a combination.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
1 mark should be given for each accurate relevant key point of knowledge
A second mark should be given for each point that is developed, up to a maximum of 5 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward points, by making three developed points, or a combination of these
Possible points of knowledge
Many subject to strict rules and regulations/had no freedom
Slaves could be bought and sold/seen as property
Worked long hours at hard work with only short breaks
Subject to harsh/inhuman discipline eg whipping common
Runaway slaves were beaten/maimed: use of dogs to hunt runaways
Slaves needed permission to get married
Slave marriages had no legal status
Slave owners often named slave children
Slave families often broken up/separated
Slaves unable to visit family/relatives on other plantations
Female slaves sometimes sexually abused by owners/overseers
Children born to a slave, fathered by white owner, were still slaves
Pregnant slaves were expected to work until the child was born.
Any other relevant factual key point of knowledge that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Explain why there was a growth in tension between the Northern and Southern States by 1860.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Explain Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)your own recalled knowledge
One reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A second reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A third reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fourth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A fifth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
A sixth reason why words from the question was fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark
Example: One reason why women gained the vote in 1918 was that women burned down buildings like cricket pavilions, which meant that they gained publicity for the cause of votes for women.
How it's marked
1 mark for each accurate, relevant reason.
A second mark for each reason that is developed.
Each sentence/point must answer the question on its own.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 5 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must show a causal relationship between events
1 mark should be given for each accurate, relevant reason, and a second mark should be given for reasons that are developed
Candidates may achieve full marks by providing five straightforward reasons, three developed reasons, or a combination of these
Possible reasons
Kansas - Nebraska Act allowed States to decide if slave state or free state, which caused tension.
Violence in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas) had led to a number of deaths, which increased tension
Dred Scott Case caused unhappiness among abolitionists and Northern States
Attack on Harpers Ferry by John Brown heightened tension
Growth of Republican Party which favoured Northern Interests upset South
Election of Lincoln upset South
South felt North was infringing on states' rights, caused resentment
Growth of militant abolitionism in North increased tension
Southern planters resented Northern trade tariffs which affected their trade
Expansion of Northern cities and immigration worried the South
Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
How fully6 marks2014Q3β³ Older formatUSA 1850β1880
How fully does Source A describe the reasons why large numbers of settlers and prospectors were attracted west after 1850?
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Use Source A and recall.)
Tip: Highlight up to 3 pieces of evidence from the source (worth up to 3 marks) β then recall 3 points the source leaves out.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source A
Source A describes the reasons why some settlers and prospectors headed west after 1850.
After 1850 large numbers of settlers and prospectors were heading west. They were attracted by the promise of a better life. Some were fed up with the cold winters in the east and were attracted by the warmer weather in California. Many farmers went west because they thought the land would be more fertile. Ranch owners, such as Charles Goodnight, quickly realised that the plains could be used to feed their huge herds of cattle. However, it was hard going. One person in ten died before they reached their destination.
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
How fully Β· Appears in all 3 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the sourceomission β your own recall
Overall, Source X partly words from the question.β needed for full marks
Source X says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
Source X also says βdirect quoteβ which meant that β¦β 1 mark (from source)
However, Source X doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
Source X also doesnβt mention fact which meant that β¦β 1 mark (omission)
How it's marked
Up to 3 marks for points from the source that support your judgement.
Up to 4 marks for points of significant omission from recall.
Maximum 2 marks if no judgement is made, or if you refer only to the source.
π‘Use the source AND recall.
π‘Quote and then explain β show you understand it, donβt just repeat it.
π‘You must make a judgement (e.g. βthe source partly explainsβ¦β) or you are capped at 2 marks.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 6 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make an overall judgement about how fully the source explains the events
1 mark may be given for each valid point interpreted from the source or each valid point of significant omission provided; up to 3 marks for interpretation of the parts of the source relevant to the question
A maximum of 2 marks may be given for answers which refer only to the source
Points from the source
Attracted by the promise of a better life
Attracted by the warmer weather in California
Went west because they thought the land would be more fertile
Ranch owners realised that the plains could be used to feed their huge herds of cattle
Points of significant omission
Gold in California attracted many. Later gold discoveries in Black Hills also attracted prospectors
Cheap land available in the west for farmers
Belief in Manifest Destiny eg many Americans saw it as a duty to spread their way of life
Mormons wished to find new lands to settle away from other people
Railways encouraged many settlers west
Government Acts offered land to settlers
The Homestead Act of 1862/Timber and Culture Act of 1875 each offered cheap/free land to settlers
Railroad companies sold land cheaply to settlers
Freed slaves headed west after 1865 to escape persecution
Shopkeepers and hotel owners travelled west to exploit the demand of the settlers
Overcrowding of cities in East
Sense of adventure
Any other valid point of explanation that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question
Compare the views4 marks2014Q4β³ Older formatUSA 1850β1880
Compare the views of Sources B and C about the events which took place during the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864.
WFQ = words from the question β reuse in every point.
(Compare the sources overall and/or in detail.)
Tip: Highlight 2β3 points of comparison β either where the sources agree OR where they disagree. You do not need both; pick one set and compare them point by point.
Highlight evidence β tap the text:
Source B
Sources B and C are about the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864.
Black Kettle and other chiefs of the Cheyennes were opposed to hostilities with the whites. Yet their village was still attacked by Colonel Chivington, who commanded 900 to 1,000 men. There were 500 people in the village, two-thirds of whom were women and children. I rode over the field after the slaughter was over, and counted from 60 to 70 dead bodies. A large majority of the dead were women and children.
Source C
Sources B and C are about the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864.
In the Cheyenne camp there were about 1,200 people in the village and about 700 were warriors. My reason for making the attack was that I believed they were hostile to the whites. I estimate that there were 500 or 600 people killed. I saw only one woman who had been killed and I saw no dead children. We found the scalps of 19 white people in the camp.
Overall, do the sources agree or disagree? (worth a mark for an overall comparison)
π RAT sheet β how to structure your answerβΎ
Compare the views Β· Appears in 2 sections
WFQ (words from the question)quote from the source
Overall, Sources X and Y [agree/disagree] about words from the question.β 1 mark (overall)
The sources agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
The sources also agree/disagree about statement summarising the point. Source X says βdirect quoteβ and Source Y [agrees/disagrees] when it says βdirect quoteβ.β 1β2 marks
How it's marked
1 mark for a simple comparison (what the sources agree/disagree about).
2 marks for a developed comparison, supported by specific references to each source.
Full marks by four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons, or a combination.
π‘One set of points will agree, one will disagree.
β Reveal marking schemeβΎ
Max 4 marks
These are possible/exemplar answers from the marking instructions β other valid points can also gain marks.
How marks are awarded
Candidates must make direct comparisons of the two sources, either overall or in detail
A simple comparison will indicate what points of detail or overall viewpoint they agree or disagree about and should be given 1 mark
A developed comparison of the points of detail or overall viewpoint should be given 2 marks
Candidates may achieve full marks by making four simple comparisons, two developed comparisons or by a combination of these
Overall: The sources disagree about the events which took place during the Sand Creek massacre of 1864.
Points of comparison
disagree
Source B: In the village there were 500 people
Source C: In the Cheyenne camp there were about 1200 people
disagree
Source B: Two-thirds of whom were women and children.
Source C: 700 were warriors
disagree
Source B: Counted from 60 to 70 dead bodies, a large majority of whom were women and children.
Source C: I estimate there were 500 or 600 people killed/I saw only one woman who had been killed and I saw no dead children
