Crime and the Law

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One criminal court that exists in the UK is the High Court in Scotland. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One criminal court that exists in the UK is the High Court in Scotland. The High Court in Scotland handles the most serious crimes like murder and rape. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One criminal court that exists in the UK is the High Court in Scotland. The High Court in Scotland handles the most serious crimes like murder and rape. The maximum penalty that can be imposed is up to life imprisonment and/or an unlimited fine. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Justice of the Peace Court
2. Sheriff Court
3. Magistrates' Court
4. Crown Court
5. The High Court of Justice.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of crime on the perpetrator is imprisonment. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on the perpetrator is imprisonment. Individuals who commit serious crimes can be given custodial sentences as a punishment for their actions which takes away their freedoms. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on the perpetrator is imprisonment. Individuals who commit serious crimes can be given custodial sentences as a punishment for their actions which takes away their freedoms. For example, on average in Scotland there are over 7,800 people being held in prison because of the crime they committed. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. mental health issues
2. family disownment
3. unemployment
4. financial issues
5. homelessness
6. social exclusion.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One cause of crime is poverty. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One cause of crime is poverty. This is because if a person cannot meet their basic needs, such as food and clothing, they may turn to crime to do so. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One cause of crime is poverty. This is because if a person cannot meet their basic needs, such as food and clothing, they may turn to crime to do so. For example, UK supermarkets have begun placing security tags on items such as cheese, butter and formula milk. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One cause of crime is poverty. This is because if a person cannot meet their basic needs, such as food and clothing, they may turn to crime to do so. For example, UK supermarkets have begun placing security tags on items such as cheese, butter and formula milk. As a result of the cost-of-living crisis, it is no longer only high value items that are shoplifted but everyday items like these because people are desperate and cannot afford them. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. greed
2. government benefit policy
3. alcohol/drugs
4. peer pressure
5. mental health issues
6. warrior gene.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The government is effective in tackling crime due to investment in policing. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The government is effective in tackling crime due to investment in policing. In recent years over 20,000 additional police officers have been recruited. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The government is effective in tackling crime due to investment in policing. In recent years over 20,000 additional police officers have been recruited. This is effective because it allows for more neighbourhood patrols, improving visibility and ultimately deterring crime. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. tougher sentencing
2. legal reforms
3. use of technology and data
4. preventative programmes
5. partnership working.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Drug crime is a problem in Scotland and this is highlighted by the increase in the number of drug-related deaths. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Drug crime is a problem in Scotland and this is highlighted by the increase in the number of drug-related deaths. Drug-related deaths in Scotland rose 12% last year. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Drug crime is a problem in Scotland and this is highlighted by the increase in the number of drug-related deaths. Drug-related deaths in Scotland rose 12% last year. Figures provided to the Scottish Government show that there were 1,172 drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2023. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Scotland has the worst drug death rate in the UK and the rest of Europe
2. knife crime in the UK has become an increasingly pressing concern, with recent data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) revealing a 7% rise in offences involving knives or sharp instruments in 2023 compared to the previous year
3. crimes of dishonesty on the increase — Police recorded theft has increased by 7% (to 1.8 million offences) compared with the year ending December 2022 (1.7 million offences) (England and Wales)
4. between 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 the number of crimes of dishonesty recorded by the police in Scotland increased by 7%, from 103,393 to 111,054
5. prison population.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of crime on wider society is potential increases in taxation. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on wider society is potential increases in taxation. All crimes come at a cost as it is the taxpayer who pays for the police to investigate a crime and for the courts to prosecute offenders. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on wider society is potential increases in taxation. All crimes come at a cost as it is the taxpayer who pays for the police to investigate a crime and for the courts to prosecute offenders. Crime can also increase costs for fire and health services, for example when dealing with deliberate fire-raising or medical care after an assault. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. tax revenue redirected away from health or education
2. expenditure on anticipating crime
3. expenditure on responding to crime — policing, court system, prison system
4. cost to the NHS for example, treatment of victims that have been physically harmed
5. need for increase in charity run helplines, victim support services
6. reputation of Police Scotland/Metropolitan Police
7. breakdown in relationships between government and wider society.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Prisons are an effective punishment because they can act as an effective deterrent to crime. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Prisons are an effective punishment because they can act as an effective deterrent to crime. Prison can be seen as a tough type of punishment because it takes away your freedom, potential support networks and in many ways, it strips away your identity. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Prisons are an effective punishment because they can act as an effective deterrent to crime. Prison can be seen as a tough type of punishment because it takes away your freedom, potential support networks and in many ways, it strips away your identity. The thought of prison is enough for some people to not even contemplate committing a criminal act. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. reform and rehabilitation — providing the right services and opportunities that support rehabilitation to prevent a return to crime
2. improving prisoners' mental health and tackling substance misuse
3. improving prisoners progress in Maths and English
4. safety to members of the public
5. justice for victims
6. prison programmes — 'Freedom Bakery', 'Paws for Thought'.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of crime on communities is that they end up with a bad reputation. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on communities is that the community will end up with a bad reputation. If crime is high in the area, then people will not want to live in or visit the area. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on communities is that the community will end up with a bad reputation. If crime is high in the area, then people will not want to live in or visit the area. For example, the Glasgow areas of the Calton and Parkhead. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. lower house prices
2. higher unemployment
3. fear within the community
4. social exclusion
5. lack of role models.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One way in which the government has responded to crime is by launching public awareness campaigns. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way in which the government has responded to crime is by launching public awareness campaigns. The aim of this is to educate the public on the law and act as a deterrent. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way in which the government has responded to crime is by launching public awareness campaigns. The aim of this is to educate the public on the law and act as a deterrent. For example, the 'Letters from Scotland' campaign was launched in 2020 to respond to the issue of hate crime. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. passing and amending legislation
2. multi agency approach for example, VRU
3. working with voluntary organisations
4. tougher penalties for law breaking
5. use of alternatives to custodial sentencing
6. reducing use of short prison sentences.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One economic factor that can cause crime is poverty. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic factor that can cause crime is poverty. This is because if a person cannot meet their basic needs, such as food and clothing, they may turn to crime to do so. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One economic factor that can cause crime is poverty. This is because if a person cannot meet their basic needs, such as food and clothing, they may turn to crime to do so. For example, areas with high levels of deprivation such as Whitfield in Dundee, also have high levels of crime. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One economic factor that can cause crime is poverty. This is because if a person cannot meet their basic needs, such as food and clothing, they may turn to crime to do so. For example, areas with high levels of deprivation like Whitfield in Dundee, also have high levels of crime. As a result of the cost-of-living crisis, people in these areas might be pushed further into poverty and have no other option but to steal. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. unemployment
2. greed
3. fraud
4. working poor
5. government benefit policy.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of crime on victims is that they are left traumatised. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on victims is that they are left traumatised. This might be because as a victim they were attacked which leaves them afraid to leave their home. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on victims is that they are left traumatised. This might be because as a victim they were attacked which leaves them afraid to leave their home. For example, victims of crime often experience trauma as a result of violent crime which might need to be treated with medication. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. death/physical harm
2. breakdown in relationships
3. loss of belongings/cost
4. increased insurance premiums
5. decline in mental health
6. relocation
7. unemployment.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. People who grow up in a household with family members involved in crime are themselves more likely to become involved in crime. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. People who grow up in a household with family members involved in crime are themselves more likely to become involved in crime. For example, children of prisoners are three times more likely to engage in anti-social or offending behaviour. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One social reason why some people commit crime is a lack of ‘nurture’. People who grow up in a household with family members involved in crime are themselves more likely to become involved in crime. For example, children of prisoners are three times more likely to engage in anti-social or offending behaviour. This may be due to the fact that stigma for these children can result in bullying by classmates and often they are also at higher risk of developing mental health issues. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. ACES
2. peer pressure
3. drugs and alcohol
4. gangs
5. local community — high crime rate
6. lack of opportunities
7. poor housing
8. exclusion from school.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One reason why the police are not effective in tackling crime is that they do not fully understand the scale and impact of hate crime. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why the police are not effective in tackling crime is that they do not fully understand the scale and impact of hate crime. This is due to a lack of training and problems with data collection. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why the police are not effective in tackling crime is that they do not fully understand the scale and impact of hate crime. This is due to a lack of training and problems with data collection. For example, the police watchdog, in 2021, stated that hate crime was not a clear priority for the police force. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. institutionalised racism/sexism
2. recruitment crisis
3. high profile failures leading to lack of trust
4. organised crime
5. limited presence.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One role of the children's hearing system is to listen and make legal decisions with and for infants, children and young people. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One role of the children's hearing system is to listen and make legal decisions with and for infants, children and young people. The panel hear information from young people and key adults in an informal setting on which they base their decisions. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One role of the children's hearing system is to listen and make legal decisions with and for infants, children and young people. The panel hear information from young people and key adults in an informal setting on which they base their decisions. For example, the panel may decide to impose a compulsory supervision order stating where the young person must live. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. to protect and support vulnerable children that there are concerns about
2. to deal with young people who are committing offences
3. to support families
4. to help with young people who are not attending school
5. to stop infants/children/young people being neglected or abused
6. to protect the rights of the child
7. to work with outside agencies to meet the needs of the child.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One consequence of crime on families is that a parent may be put in prison. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on families is that a parent may be put in prison. This in some cases could be the loss of the 'breadwinner' and the family may struggle to survive as a result. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on families is that a parent may be put in prison. This in some cases could be the loss of the 'breadwinner' and the family may struggle to survive as a result. For example, some families may no longer be able to afford their rent or mortgage payments and may lose their family home. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. emotional distress
2. financial problems
3. stigma/family reputation
4. outcasts in local community
5. prison visits — costs and emotional effects
6. children — more likely to end up involved in crime/performance in school affected/bullying
7. mental health issues
8. break up of families.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Alternatives to prison are effective punishments as the perpetrator is less likely to reoffend. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Alternatives to prison are effective punishments as the perpetrator is less likely to reoffend. For example, Community Payback Orders give access to programmes to help with the causes of offending. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Alternatives to prison are effective punishments as the perpetrator is less likely to reoffend. For example, Community Payback Orders give access to programmes to help with the causes of offending. CPOs mean offenders give something back to the community and take responsibility for their actions. Reconviction rates for those serving community sentences are 14% lower than for those serving time in jail, according to the Howard League for Penal Reform. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. restorative justice: victim — satisfaction/facing their fear; perpetrator — guilt and reality check/less likely to reoffend.
2. prison only creates more criminals
3. more cost effective — money can be spent elsewhere tackling crime
4. rehabilitation — tackling the root of the problem is more effective
5. fine — white-collar crime — this would be more effective than prison as a deterrence.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One economic factor that can cause crime is unemployment. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic factor that can cause crime is unemployment. A lack of income may lead to some people shoplifting food. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One economic factor that can cause crime is unemployment. A lack of income may lead to some people shoplifting food. For example, Scotland has seen a rise in ‘survival shoplifting’. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poverty
2. debt
3. greed
4. austerity measures
5. benefit cap
6. zero-hour contracts.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. One consequence of crime on wider society is that it is very expensive for the government. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of crime on wider society is that it is very expensive for the government. Increases in crime rates result in an increased demand for more prison places. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of crime on wider society is that it is very expensive for the government. Increases in crime rates result in an increased demand for more prison places. This diverts vital funding that could be used in other public services such as education. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. rising taxes — new prisons needed/more police required
2. new laws needing to be created — effects on government
3. effects on tourism — economic decline
4. glorifying crime — organised crime viewed as prosperous
5. reputation of the country/city — ‘murder capital’.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The police are effective in tackling crime in Scotland as a result of early intervention strategies. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The police are effective in tackling crime in Scotland as a result of early intervention strategies, for example community police officers in secondary schools. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The police are effective in tackling crime in Scotland as a result of early intervention strategies, for example community police officers in secondary schools. This gets young people used to a police presence and reduces criminal activity and anti-social behaviour in local communities. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. The police are effective in tackling crime in Scotland as a result of early intervention strategies, for example community police officers in secondary schools. This gets young people used to a police presence and reduces criminal activity and anti-social behaviour in local communities. This is effective because young people may be more likely to report criminal activity having established a relationship with the police officer. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. targeted approaches to reduce crime work
2. use of stop and search — crime prevention
3. police presence reduces criminal activity
4. analysis of problems and key issues identified, with strategies put in place
5. enforcement — key to success/reduces fear
6. tackling causes of crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Some people believe that criminals are 'born evil'. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Some people believe that criminals are 'born evil' and that they are physiologically distinct from non-criminals. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Some people believe that criminals are 'born evil' and that they are physiologically distinct from non-criminals. For example, they would argue that criminals have no choice, it is 'nature' and they have no control over it. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. nature versus nurture
2. bio-chemical conditions such as hormone imbalance
3. warrior gene (MAOA)
4. neuro-physical conditions such as learning difficulties
5. intelligence
6. sex
7. mental health issues.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One way that highlights that crime is a problem in the UK is the increase in knife crime. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that highlights that crime is a problem in the UK is the increase in knife crime. In September 2018 knife crime had risen to the highest level in England and Wales since 2010. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One way that highlights that crime is a problem in the UK is the increase in knife crime. In September 2018 knife crime had risen to the highest level in England and Wales since 2010. Of those convicted of knife crime 36% were given a prison sentence. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. rise in violent crime
2. increasing street violence
3. increase in sex offences
4. growth in prison population
5. increase in hate crimes
6. reoffending rates.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The criminal courts in Scotland are effective because they have the power to imprison people. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The criminal courts in Scotland are effective because they have the power to imprison people. The three different types of courts have different sentencing powers. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The criminal courts in Scotland are effective because they have the power to imprison people. The three different types of courts have different sentencing powers. For example, the High Court of Justiciary can impose an unlimited fine and a life sentence in comparison to the JP court which has lesser powers. This is effective as people who commit serious crimes are suitably punished. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. deterrence
2. protecting the public
3. rehabilitation for example, Drug Treatment and Testing Orders
4. prevention, for example Restriction of Liberty Order — tagging/curfews
5. retribution, for example, Community Payback Order
6. compensation
7. restorative justice.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Scottish Government have introduced the Caledonian System to help tackle domestic abuse and yet domestic abuse still occurs. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The Scottish Government have introduced the Caledonian System to help tackle domestic abuse and yet domestic abuse still occurs. The Caledonian System works with men who have been convicted of domestic abuse. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The Scottish Government have introduced the Caledonian System to help tackle domestic abuse and yet domestic abuse still occurs. The Caledonian System works with men who have been convicted of domestic abuse. Despite this, 51,104 domestic abuse incidents were reported to police forces across Scotland 2015–2016. The government committed £245 million to tackle domestic abuse in 2015–2016 yet between 2016–2017 domestic abuse incidents had risen to 58,810. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Government response of fewer short-term prison sentences — short-term prison sentences are still high — reoffending rates remain high
2. mentors in violence prevention programme — violent crime has increased
3. building Safer Communities Programme — not successful for all communities
4. removal of Drug Courts
5. alcohol related initiatives — alcohol related crime remains high
6. London knife crime strategy has been unsuccessful — increase in knife crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The police try to reduce crime by arresting suspects. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. The police try to reduce crime levels by promoting crime prevention campaigns such as “Neighbourhood Watch”. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. The police try to reduce crime levels by working in the community. They visit schools to talk to pupils and some schools have “campus” officers who try to get to know pupils and steer them clear of trouble. In my school many pupils attend regular “Blue Light” discos organised by the local police officers. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Maintain law and order by having foot patrol officers “on the beat”.
2. Detect crimes, eg carry out investigations, interview witnesses, process evidence. Role of CID.
3. Crime prevention, eg visiting schools, Neighbourhood Watch.
4. Highly visible presence at public events, eg security at football matches.
5. Initiatives, eg knife amnesties.
6. Work with community groups and charities such as Apex.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Some people commit crime because they are bored. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. Some people commit crime because they are addicted to drugs and steal things to pay for these. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. Some people commit crime because they are influenced by those around them. Peer pressure is very important especially amongst young people who feel excluded from society. Some young people can be encouraged into drug taking and crime just for the “thrill”. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]
4. People commit crime for numerous reasons. Many offenders come from deprived areas and feel a sense of hopelessness about their future. However, “white collar crime” seems to be motivated by greed. Many very rich people in the financial industries have been guilty of theft and fraud despite the fact that they appear to have everything they need. Many see “white collar crime” as inevitable as people are bound to be tempted by the huge sums of money that they manage. A recent example of “white collar crime” was the scandal over MPs’ expenses. [4 marks—relevant, accurate point with development, analysis and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Family background, criminal behaviour within family.
2. Peer pressure/role models.
3. Alienation from society.
4. Poor environment.
5. Social and economic circumstances.
6. Criminal behaviour while young.
7. Thrill seeking.
8. Response to poverty/economic inequality.
9. Greed.
10. Opportunistic crime.
11. Link with alcohol/drug use.
12. Impact of violent media.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One way that perpetrators can be affected by crime is that they can be given a prison sentence. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One way that perpetrators can be affected by crime is that they can be given a prison sentence. If given a prison sentence, perpetrators may then lose contact with their family and friends. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. One way that perpetrators can be affected by crime is that they can be given a prison sentence. If given a prison sentence, perpetrators may then lose contact with their family and friends. This could then lead to isolation and mental health issues which may hinder their rehabilitation. (3 marks - accurate point with development and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. mental health issues
2. loss of family and support network
3. unemployment
4. financial issues – fines/mortgage payments will fall behind
5. homelessness
6. media publicity/public humiliation/embarrassment
7. lack of career opportunities
8. removal from university/college courses
9. decreasing opportunities for friendships and dating relationships
10. trapped in the cycle of crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One reason why some people commit crime as a result of economic issues is due to the fact that they cannot afford to meet their basic needs. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why some people commit crime as a result of economic issues is due to the fact that they cannot afford to meet their basic needs. This may be due to the fact that they are unemployed. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. One reason why some people commit crime as a result of economic issues is due to the fact that they cannot afford to meet their basic needs. This may be due to the fact that they are unemployed. People who are unemployed may then suffer from food poverty and could turn to shoplifting in order to survive. For example, benefit sanctions may cause a single mother to turn to shoplifting to provide for her children. (4 marks - accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. poverty
2. broken windows theory
3. greed
4. strain theory
5. social exclusion.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Prisons are effective as they remove dangerous people from society. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Prisons are effective as they remove dangerous people from society. People who commit murders are given life sentences. (2 marks - accurate point with development)
3. Prisons are effective as they remove dangerous people from society. People who commit murders are given life sentences and are often sent to high security prisons, such as HMP Shotts. This means that people in society feel reassured and the perpetrator is given opportunity for rehabilitation. (4 marks - accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. deterrence
2. rehabilitation
3. retribution
4. punishment.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One consequence of crime on communities is that local business may leave an area with high crime rates. (1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Communities with high crime rates will gain a negative reputation. People may start to stereotype individuals from areas of high crime, leading to social problems and a lack of opportunities in that area. For example, the provision of local services will suffer as businesses will not want to set up in areas with high crime rates, which will limit employment opportunities. (3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification)

Consequences of crime on communities

1. Areas will become run down, vandalism
2. Rise in unemployment rate
3. Businesses will leave
4. Fear created
5. People will move in order to find safety
6. Lower house price values
7. Lack of successful role models in the area
8. Empower local communities – fight against crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. One reason why some people are more likely to commit crime than others is due to peer pressure. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason that some people are more likely to commit crimes than others is due to peer pressure. Young people can be pressurised into joining gangs and are sometimes forced to take part in initiation tasks. (2 marks - accurate and developed)
3. One reason that some people are more likely to commit crimes than others is due to peer pressure. Young people can be pressurised into joining gangs and are sometimes forced to take part in initiation tasks. This can lead to other criminal activities associated with gangs such as knife crime, vandalism and anti-social behaviour. (3 marks - accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Poverty/deprivation
2. Peer pressure
3. Family influence
4. Alcohol abuse
5. Mental illness
6. Violent media images
7. Homelessness
8. Poor educational attainment
9. Social exclusion
10. Greed – white collar crime.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Scottish Government has tried to tackle crime by lowering drink-drive limits [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. The Scottish Government has tried to tackle crime by making drink-drive limits clearer by reducing the maximum limit, this means that there should be fewer road traffic accidents, deaths and injuries. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. Government has tried to tackle crime by making drink-drive limits clearer by reducing the maximum limit, this means that there should be fewer road traffic accidents, deaths and injuries. People are less likely now to drink at all if driving given that the legal limit has been lowered from 80mg to 50mg of alcohol in every 100ml of blood. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Early release from prison
2. Operation Blade
3. Anti-sectarian legislation
4. Neighbourhood watch
5. CCTV
6. Speed cameras
7. Tags/alternatives to prison
8. ASBOSs
9. Supervision orders/tagging orders
10. Community policing

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Some people are more affected by crime if they are the victim of a crime. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. Some people are more affected by crime if they are the victim of a crime. Victims of assault may be fearful that it could happen and may be afraid to leave their home. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. Some people are more affected by crime if they are the victim of a crime. Victims of assault may be fearful that it could happen and may be afraid to leave their home. They may also have alarm systems fitted in their home, at a cost, in order to try and feel more secure. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Business – Insurance premiums may rise in areas with high crime rate
2. Perpetrators – Loss of family, job, house etc should be found guilty/given a prison sentence
3. Community – closure of businesses, facilities due to crime/vandalism/robbery etc
4. Families of perpetrators – targeted by others in the community
5. Some people are more vulnerable to crime – ethnic minorities, young people, elderly

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. They can send people to prison. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. They can convict criminals and send them to prison. The Sheriff Court can sentence someone for up to five years. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. They can convict criminals and send them to prison. The Sheriff Court can sentence someone for up to five years. However, if the Sheriff feels this is an insufficient penalty they can refer the case to the High Court where a life sentence is possible. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Fines
2. Community Service
3. Community Payback Orders
4. Curfews
5. ASBOs
6. Electronic Tagging
7. Any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Drug addiction can cause crime. [1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point]
2. Drug addiction can cause crime as addicts need to pay for their drugs and need to steal to fund their habit. [2 marks — accurate point with development]
3. Drug addiction can cause crime as addicts need to pay for their drugs and need to steal to fund their habit. Those with drug use dependency are more likely to be arrested for crimes such as burglary, shoplifting or for robbery and handling stolen goods. [3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Poverty/deprivation
2. Peer pressure
3. Family influence
4. Alcohol abuse
5. Mental Illness
6. Violent media images
7. Homelessness
8. Poor Educational Attainment
9. Social Exclusion
10. Greed – White collar crime
11. Any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The Children's Hearing System can help young people by taking them away from their home. (1 mark)
2. The Children's Hearing System tries to deal with the reasons why young people commit crime and offers support for them to stop offending. (2 marks)
3. The Children's Hearing System helps young people by providing a relaxed atmosphere where young people can discuss their offending behaviour. It is less intimidating than going to an adult court and they will get help and support from school, social workers and the police to change their behaviour. (3 marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Targets both offending behaviour and welfare concerns
2. Impartial, voluntary panel makes decisions
3. Safe environment to discuss issues and problems
4. Tries to deal with root cause of problems
5. Input from various agencies eg police, social work, schools
6. Power to remove "at risk" children from their homes
7. Can refer to secure accommodation or court if necessary

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Prisons don't reduce reoffending because you learn how to commit more crimes when you are inside. (1 mark)
2. Electronic tags are a good way of reducing reoffending as if you have a job you can still go but are punished with a curfew at night (2 marks)
3. Many prisons don't have enough staff or money to run effective rehabilitation programmes which means that some offenders are released with the same addictions they had when they went in to prison. ( 3marks)
4. Community Service Orders have been very successful in reducing reoffending as they make the offender pay something back to the community. This could involve painting a children's playground which makes the offender feel they have done something good that others will benefit from. This can change the negative feelings many offenders have and give them back some pride and self-esteem which will make them less likely to commit another crime. (4marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. High levels of re-offending lead to belief that prison doesn't work
2. Prisons are expensive and overcrowded
3. Few opportunities for rehabilitation in prisons
4. Success of Drug Courts and Drug Treatment and Testing Orders (DTTOs)
5. Electronic tagging allows offenders to stay at home, continue working and maintain family relationships
6. Success of Community Service Orders (CSOs)
7. High levels of success for Restorative Justice especially among young people and first-time offenders
8. Too many short sentences which fail to rehabilitate as well as a community sentence would