World Issues

TERRORISM

1. One consequence of terrorism on other countries and their governments is increased security costs. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of terrorism on other countries and their governments is increased security costs. Nations have to spend more money on border control, gathering intelligence and defence. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of terrorism on other countries and their governments is increased security costs. Nations have to spend more money on border control, gathering intelligence and defence. For example, countries in the European Union increased surveillance spending after attacks in France and Belgium. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. strained international relations
2. changes in foreign policy
3. rise of nationalism
4. impact on tourism and trade
5. military interventions
6. refugee and migration increase
7. islamophobia
8. public fear and anxiety.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. One consequence of underdevelopment on other countries and their governments is migration pressures. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of underdevelopment on other countries and their governments is migration pressures. People from underdeveloped countries often migrate in search of better opportunities, putting economic and social strain on the country they have migrated to. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of underdevelopment on other countries and their governments is migration pressures. People from underdeveloped countries often migrate in search of better opportunities, putting economic and social strain on the country they have migrated to. For example, migrants coming to the UK can place an extra burden on the NHS, housing and schools. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. regional instability
2. strained diplomatic relations
3. limited trade opportunities
4. dependence on foreign aid
5. organised crime/trafficking
6. peacekeeping
7. public health threats.

TERRORISM

1. One economic cause of terrorism is high levels of unemployment in certain areas. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic cause of terrorism is high levels of unemployment in certain areas. This can lead to frustration and often a search for meaning or belonging, especially among young people. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One economic cause of terrorism is high levels of unemployment in certain areas. This can lead to frustration and often a search for meaning or belonging, especially among young people. For example, in some regions of Africa and the Middle East, terrorist groups like Boko Haram and ISIS have recruited from those living in poverty. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. poverty — lack of basic needs
2. wealth inequalities
3. poor infrastructure
4. financial incentives
5. lack of economic development.

CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

1. One economic cause of the conflict in Ukraine is the control over natural resources. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic cause of the conflict in Ukraine is the control over natural resources. Ukraine is strategically placed between Russia and Europe and has been a major transit route for gas and oil pipelines. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One economic cause of the conflict in Ukraine is the control over natural resources. Ukraine is strategically placed between Russia and Europe and has been a major transit route for gas and oil pipelines. This has caused conflict as Russia controls much of the supply to Europe and Ukraine's pipeline infrastructure is crucial for these exports. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. Ukraine's pivot toward the EU
2. Association Agreement
3. trade dependence on Russia
4. Crimea
5. Russian sanctions and counter sanctions
6. debt and financial assistance.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. One reason why bilateral attempts are often taken to resolve underdevelopment in Africa is to address global challenges. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why bilateral attempts are often taken to resolve underdevelopment in Africa is to address global challenges. These global challenges could include climate change, migration and pandemics. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why bilateral attempts are often taken to resolve underdevelopment in Africa is to address global challenges. These global challenges could include climate change, migration and pandemics. For example, the US and EU have been involved in providing aid to African countries to help tackle climate change. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One reason why bilateral attempts are often taken to resolve underdevelopment in Africa is to address global challenges. These global challenges could include climate change, migration and pandemics. For example, the US and EU have been involved in providing aid to African countries to help tackle climate change. This has helped to support renewable energy projects and sustainable agricultural practises. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. promote stability in the region
2. economic growth — mutual benefits
3. trade and investment opportunities
4. global stability
5. humanitarian and ethical responsibilities
6. targeted aid delivery.

CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

1. One reason why bilateral attempts have been taken to resolve the conflict in Ukraine is to promote stability in the region. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One reason why bilateral attempts have been taken to resolve the conflict in Ukraine is to promote stability in the region. Developed nations have an interest in doing so as instability can have ripple effects on their nations. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One reason why bilateral attempts have been taken to resolve the conflict in Ukraine is to promote stability in the region. Developed nations have an interest in doing so as instability can have ripple effects on their nations. For example, the conflict has directly affected neighbouring countries such as Poland and Hungary in relation to refugees and military escalation. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One reason why bilateral attempts have been taken to resolve the conflict in Ukraine is to promote stability in the region. Developed nations have an interest in doing so as instability can have ripple effects on their nations. For example, the conflict has directly affected neighbouring countries such as Poland and Hungary in relation to refugees and military escalation. As a result, Poland has been heavily involved in facilitating discussions between the EU and Ukraine as well as providing humanitarian aid and supporting military logistics. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. securing national interests
2. maintaining the balance of power
3. preventing spillover effects
4. controlling the flow of refugees
5. bilateral defence agreements — NATO
6. humanitarian aid and reconstruction.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT

1. The UN attempts to tackle the issue of underdevelopment through its specialised agencies. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The UN attempts to tackle the issue of underdevelopment through its specialised agencies. Specialised agencies provide targeted aid to resolve the key issues causing underdevelopment. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The UN attempts to tackle the issue of underdevelopment through its specialised agencies. Specialised agencies provide targeted aid to resolve the key issues causing underdevelopment. For example, UNICEF provides immunisations for diseases such as polio to improve health among children. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

TERRORISM

1. The EU attempts to tackle the issue of terrorism by sharing intelligence between member states. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The EU attempts to tackle the issue of terrorism by sharing intelligence between member states. Terrorists often use false identities to evade border guards and police so the EU has counter terrorism strategies in place to prevent this. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The EU attempts to tackle the issue of terrorism by sharing intelligence between member states. Terrorists often use false identities to evade border guards and police, so the EU has counter terrorism strategies in place to prevent this. For example, Europol, the EU police, works with non-EU countries to share information. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. other specialised agencies for example FAO, WHO
2. loans from IMF/World Bank
3. African Union
4. NATO air strikes
5. EU action to prevent online communication, terrorist list, cutting off financing
6. Interpol — intelligence sharing.

CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

1. One consequence of the conflict in Ukraine is that people become refugees. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of the conflict in Ukraine is that people become refugees. When Russia invaded Ukraine, people living in the affected regions on the Eastern border had to leave their homes and find somewhere else to live. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of the conflict in Ukraine is that people become refugees. When Russia invaded Ukraine, people living in the affected regions on the Eastern border had to leave their homes and find somewhere else to live. Over six million refugees from Ukraine are living across Europe and 3.7 million are displaced within the country. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. death — suicide bombers
2. poverty
3. emigration/brain drain
4. radicalised
5. unemployment
6. poor health
7. orphans
8. poor education, illiteracy.

TERRORISM

1. One cause of terrorism is nationalism. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One cause of terrorism is nationalism. This means that certain groups or individuals believe that their country should be its own independent state, so they use terrorism to achieve their aim. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One cause of terrorism is nationalism. This means that certain groups or individuals believe that their country should be its own independent state, so they use terrorism to achieve their aim. For example, the Kurdish nationalist group PKK, also known as TAK and HPG, operate in Turkey. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. extremism
2. conflict
3. inequality
4. political ideology
5. poverty
6. social factors for example, poor health and low level of education
7. corruption
8. territorial expansion
9. lack of democracy.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT

1. Military attempts have been taken to resolve the issue of underdevelopment because it can prevent human right abuses. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Military attempts have been taken to resolve the issue of underdevelopment because it can prevent human right abuses. Countries which are less developed are more likely to be affected by a conflict and this can lead to attacks on civilians and hijacking of aid. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Military attempts have been taken to resolve the issue of underdevelopment because it can prevent human right abuses. Countries which are less developed are more likely to be affected by a conflict and this can lead to attacks on civilians and hijacking of aid. For example, the African Union has deployed a regional force in DRC since 2022 to tackle the resurgence of the M23 rebel group in the east of the country. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. to prevent further loss of life
2. non-military responses have failed
3. prevent radicalisation
4. can assist to stabilise new governments
5. can be a quick response
6. to allow aid to reach civilians.

UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. Underdevelopment in Africa has an impact on other countries because people will move abroad. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Underdevelopment in Africa has an impact on other countries because people will move abroad. Underdevelopment can mean a lack of opportunities to progress in certain jobs so people might leave that country and seek better paid jobs elsewhere. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Underdevelopment in Africa has an impact on other countries because people will move abroad. Underdevelopment can mean a lack of opportunities to progress in certain jobs so people might leave that country and seek better paid jobs elsewhere. For example, Kenyan doctors get paid around $6,000 per year, but if they move to the US they can earn over $200,000 and work in better conditions. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. refugees, mass migration
2. spread of disease
3. creates economic and political instability
4. need to provide aid
5. holds back global development.

CONFLICT IN SYRIA

1. One political cause of conflict in Syria is because their government is corrupt. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One political cause of conflict in Syria is because their government is corrupt. They have used their status to keep or gain power over the population. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One political cause of conflict in Syria is because their government is corrupt. They have used their status to keep or gain power over the population. For example, the Syrian government has been labelled as highly corrupt by the Corruption Perception Index (CPI). (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. discrimination
2. lack of democracy
3. nationalism
4. political ideology.

DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. The World Health Organisation has been successful in tackling underdevelopment because they have promoted immunisation programmes. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The World Health Organisation has been successful in tackling underdevelopment because they have promoted immunisation programmes. For example, Uganda, with the help of the WHO, developed a strategy to control Hepatitis B. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The World Health Organisation has been successful in tackling underdevelopment because they have promoted immunisation programmes. For example, Uganda, with the help of the WHO, developed a strategy to control Hepatitis B. This included a nationwide awareness, testing and treatment campaign. This has led to over four million people being screened to date and around 90% of all infants receiving childhood vaccinations. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. UN agency actions
2. NATO
3. EU/Europol
4. African Union.

ISSUE: SYRIAN CONFLICT

1. One military attempt to resolve the conflict in Syria was the use of the air strikes. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One military attempt to resolve the conflict in Syria was the use of air strikes. Air strikes can damage infrastructure, preventing troops and equipment being transported to other areas. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One military attempt to resolve the conflict in Syria was the use of air strikes. Air strikes can damage infrastructure, preventing troops and equipment being transported to other areas. In 2018, the US, UK and France launched air strikes on chemical weapon facilities in Syria. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. drone attacks
2. providing military support and training
3. military aid
4. humanitarian aid
5. UN peacekeeping troops
6. NATO response
7. responses from the African Union.

ISSUE: TERRORISM

1. One social cause of terrorism is discrimination. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One social cause of terrorism is discrimination. Certain groups feel that they are targeted because of their religious ideas and beliefs. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One social cause of terrorism is discrimination. Certain groups feel that they are targeted because of their religious ideas and beliefs. For example, the 2021 Liverpool hospital attack was carried out by a sympathiser of ISIS. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. social isolation
2. lack of healthcare provision
3. peer pressure
4. lack of education provision
5. radicalisation.

ISSUE: CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

1. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. Throughout the conflict millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge abroad. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. Throughout the conflict millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge abroad. For example, approximately 12 million people have fled their homes with approximately 1.5 million fleeing to nearby Poland. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)
4. One consequence for those directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine is that they are forced to flee their homes. Throughout the conflict millions of Ukrainians have sought refuge abroad. For example, approximately 12 million people have fled their homes with approximately 1.5 million fleeing to nearby Poland. Ukrainian citizens have often had to leave their families and jobs in order to survive. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis).

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. separation of families
2. loss of earnings
3. loss of education
4. death/physical harm
5. financial impact
6. vulnerable to exploitation.

Possible approaches to answering the question — TERRORISM

1. One consequence of terrorism on the wider international community is the need for increased cooperation between different countries' police and intelligence services. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One consequence of terrorism on the wider international community is the need for increased cooperation between different countries' police and intelligence services. As many terrorist organisations are multi-national and recruit from across a variety of countries, intelligence regarding potential terrorist threats must be shared between countries. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One consequence of terrorism on the wider international community is the need for increased cooperation between different countries' police and intelligence services. As many terrorist organisations are multi-national and recruit from across a variety of countries, intelligence regarding potential terrorist threats must be shared between countries. For example, Europol helps to share intelligence gathered regarding various terrorist threats across Europe, especially regarding ISIS. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. heightened security
2. increased tension between states
3. military action
4. growth in alliances
5. need for international aid
6. trade
7. spread of disease/viruses
8. refugees.

Possible approaches to answering the question — DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. Non-military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Non-military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. Many problems faced by countries in these areas, such as poor education and poor housing, have been created due to civil war and more military involvement would only make it more difficult to resolve. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Non-military attempts are made to resolve development issues in Africa as military action would make the problem worse. Many problems faced by countries in these areas, such as poor education and poor housing, have been created due to civil war and more military involvement would only make it more difficult to resolve. For example, in Sierra Leone there is still an adult literacy rate of only 43.2% showing that the education system is still to fully recover from their civil war. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. non-military options would work better, for example, in tackling Ebola
2. UN Agencies (WHO, ILO etc)
3. humanitarian responses
4. improve trade
5. fewer casualties from other countries
6. costs less
7. political reasons
8. attempts to prevent further conflict/civilian casualties
9. reduce threat of terrorism
10. prevent conflict spreading to other regions.

Possible approaches to answering the question — UNDER-DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. One economic cause of under-development in Africa is due to governments having large debts. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. One economic cause of under-development in Africa is due to governments having large debts. This means the repayments take funding away from public services such as education and health. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. One economic cause of under-development in Africa is due to governments having large debts. This means the repayments take funding away from public services such as education and health. For example, Nigeria has a government debt of $54.8 billion which prevents them investing in areas such as housing. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. oil and gas
2. poverty
3. greed
4. corruption
5. poor investment levels
6. economic downturn
7. trade.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. TERRORISM
2. One political cause of terrorism is a lack of rights. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
3. One political cause of terrorism is a lack of rights. Terrorists are motivated to carry out attacks to get a government to agree to changes in land ownership. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
4. One political cause of terrorism is a lack of rights. Terrorists are motivated to carry out attacks to get a government to agree to changes in land ownership. For example, in Gaza, Hezbollah believe Israel has taken land from the Palestinians. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. some groups use terrorism to try and further the cause of an ideology they believe in
2. religious groups seeking political dominance
3. human rights violations, including dispossession and humiliation
4. corruption.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. UN — Syria
2. The UN, despite passing three resolutions, has failed to reduce violence in Syria. (1 mark — accurate but underdeveloped point)
3. The UN, despite passing three resolutions, has failed to reduce violence in Syria. It is estimated that after nine years of civil war over 115,000 civilians have been killed including 22,000 children. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
4. The UN, despite passing three resolutions, has failed to reduce violence in Syria. It is thought the Syrian government has carried out at least 50 chemical weapons attacks. The Security Council did want to investigate the use of these weapons, but Russia used their veto to prevent the Security Council from passing a resolution on this. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. UN — humanitarian access has diminished; growing number of refugees
2. EU — Europol; sharing intelligence
3. UNICEF — immunisations; reduction in infant mortality
4. Global Zero — greater partnership working.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. ISSUE — UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
2. Underdevelopment in Africa has an impact on the international community due to the large amount of aid they require. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
3. Underdevelopment in Africa has an impact on the international community due to the large amount of aid they require. The European Development Fund has donated over 20 billion Euros through bilateral and multilateral aid. (2 marks — accurate point with exemplification)
4. Underdevelopment in Africa has an impact on the international community due to the large amount of aid they require. The European Development Fund has donated over 20 billion Euros through bilateral and multilateral aid. This is a large proportion of the EU’s budget however it benefits EU member states in terms of exports. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. health
2. education
3. refugees
4. waste of economic potential
5. Brexit
6. international relations
7. legislation
8. increase in defence spending.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. ISSUE — UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
2. The UN has attempted to improve education in Ghana for girls to reduce inequalities. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
3. The UN has attempted to improve education in Ghana for girls to reduce inequalities. This can break the cycle of poverty and promote gender equality. (2 marks — accurate point with exemplification)
4. The UN has attempted to improve education in Ghana for girls to reduce inequalities. This can break the cycle of poverty and promote gender equality. For example, the United Nations Girls Education Initiative has developed mother groups to help promote and encourage young girls back to school. By providing an education these girls will become more empowered and able to realise their full potential. (4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following:

1. African Union:
2. can face direct impact of conflict spilling over, for example, in Zimbabwe and Kenya
3. AU has a Child’s Charter and so must work to prevent child soldiers, exploitation.
4. NATO:
5. charter sets out collective responsibilities, crisis management one of its aims; political, military or humanitarian
6. impact on member states, for example, migration, refugees, nearby conflicts such as Syria and Georgia.
7. NGO
8. purpose is to work in specific field, for example, Oxfam in famine hit areas.

Possible approaches to answering the question — CONFLICT — SYRIA

1. Conflict can cause people to flee their homes through fear of being killed. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Conflict can cause people to flee their homes through fear of being killed and they may become refugees in other countries. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Conflict can cause people to flee their homes through fear of being killed and they may become refugees in other countries. Many people have fled Syria through fear of ISIS and have migrated to Europe, for example to Greece. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Terrorism

1. loss of life
2. financial impact due to lack of tourism
3. tighter security, for example airport checks
4. increase in hate crimes.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Development

1. starvation
2. poor education
3. poor health
4. poor housing
5. high crime rates.

Possible approaches to answering the question — ISSUE — UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. The UN has been successful because it has many specialised agencies. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The UN has been successful because it has many specialised agencies. These agencies can focus on individual problems and provide aid to certain countries. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. The UN has been successful because it has many specialised agencies. These agencies can focus on individual problems and provide aid to certain countries. For example, UNICEF has provided malaria nets to Tanzania to tackle ill health. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following — UN

1. Security Council actions
2. sanctions
3. peacekeeping
4. role of humanitarian agencies
5. willingness of member states to co-operate.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — NATO

1. strong military power
2. use of airstrikes
3. co-operation of member states.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — NGOs

1. less bureaucratic
2. specialist workers
3. community knowledge
4. funding.

Possible approaches to answering the question — ISSUE — UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. Many African countries are underdeveloped because of corrupt governments. (1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Many African countries are underdeveloped because of corrupt governments. They spend money on weapons rather than feeding their own people. (2 marks — accurate point with development)
3. Many African countries are underdeveloped because of corrupt governments. They misspend money rather than feeding their own people. For example, the leader of Equatorial Guinea has allowed his son to spend millions of dollars of state funds on his lavish lifestyle. (3 marks — accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Terrorism

1. nationalism
2. revenge
3. religion.

Credit reference to aspects of the following — Development

1. debt
2. civil war
3. poor health — HIV
4. poor education
5. trade.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. The World Bank gives loans to countries. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. The African Union try to help stop conflicts between countries in Africa by holding peace talks with their leaders. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. The United Nations has tried to help refugees in many poor areas in the world. Recently, they have been providing emergency medicines, shelters and clean water to people in the “Horn of Africa” as they suffered a very serious drought. Many people walked hundreds of miles to refugee camps just to get basic food and clean water. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following: United Nations Organisation. The United Nations responds to international problems largely through its “Specialised Agencies”. UNICEF

1. Agency involved in helping meet the specific needs of children.
2. Oral Rehydration Therapy across Africa.
3. Campaign in southern Africa to prevent AIDS transmission from mothers to children—setting up clinics, school visits and poster/TV campaigns.
4. Campaign to help child soldiers in Sudan—‘de-mob’ camps.
5. Building and equipping of clinics across Africa such as recently in Congo.
6. Campaign to increase the number of blood donors in Ethiopia. This also includes training and education programmes.
7. Ongoing vaccination programmes against polio across Sub-Saharan Africa.
8. Donation of ICT equipment to African health ministries to help coordinate healthcare and use of health resources.
9. Supporting charity campaigns to donate old spectacles to Africa.

WHO

1. Agency involved in helping meet African health needs.
2. Research into Africa’s killer diseases such as AIDS and malaria.

UNESCO

1. Agency involved in helping meet African education, cultural and science needs.
2. Setting up world heritage sites to protect African heritage.
3. Teacher training in Sub-Saharan Africa (TTISSA) campaign.
4. The LIFE campaign—Literacy Initiative for Empowerment.
5. The school in a suitcase campaign. All the equipment to run a classroom anywhere, in one bag.
6. EDUCAIDS—campaign to improve AIDS education across Africa.
7. Education for all by 2015. UNESCO’s major campaign to try to meet the Millennium Development goals.

FAO

1. Agency mainly concerned with the production of food in Africa and in helping develop agricultural efficiency.
2. Recent campaign against high food prices.
3. Help for small farmers to increase production, eg emergency rice programme in west Africa.
4. Campaigns to protect vulnerable crops against virus and disease, eg cassava.
5. Campaigns to educate farmers on the use of fertilizers and farm machinery.
6. Funding of research into GM seeds and other “bio-agriculture”.

WFP

1. Prepare reports which help National Governments and NGOs understand more clearly what the problems are with food security, nutrition, health and education within a country.
2. Reduce hunger and under-nutrition everywhere.
3. Save lives and protect livelihoods in emergencies by getting food to where it is most needed and quickly. The WFP does this by launching appeals to the international community for funds and food aid.
4. The WFP relies entirely on voluntary contributions to finance its operations.
5. Restore and rebuild lives after emergencies.

The Security Council

1. The UN Security Council is a small body of fifteen member states (Five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members, elected for two year term). Ambassadors from the fifteen countries can meet at short notice in response to global security issues. They discuss these matters and can pass resolutions which can include military intervention, sanctions, peace keeping missions, mediation etc.

NATO

1. NATO has tried to respond to terrorism (9/11 attacks, London underground bombings, Madrid bombings, Glasgow airport attack) by launching operations in Afghanistan and Iraq as part of the “War on Terror”. Also involvement in Libya.
2. NATO’s Defence Against Terrorism Programme established in 2004. NATO has responded to attempts by countries such as Iran to build nuclear weapons by introducing sanctions on trade etc, with the cooperation of the UN Security Council. There have also been diplomatic discussions to further reduce and possibly eliminate entire classes of nuclear weapons.
3. NATO has an international naval force patrolling piracy “hotspots” especially off the coast of north-east Africa.
4. Developing new missile defence systems to protect NATO countries.
5. Cyber security—A major cyber-attack on Estonia, a NATO member, in 2007 by Russian hackers. China “hijacking” 15 per cent of the world’s internet traffic in 2010. More training in cyber defence for NATO members. Better early warning systems to protect NATO members from cyber-attack.

World Bank

1. The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs.
2. The World Bank funds projects aimed at tackling poverty, increase foreign investment in poor countries, increase international trade etc.
3. Haiti was helped to rebuild housing and infrastructure, ICT training has been provided in many African countries, banks in countries such as Nepal have been supported through the worldwide recession.
4. Loans have been provided across the world to support education, medicine and clean water projects.

European Union

1. Co-operation between member states, eg Irish financial crisis or Greek financial bailout. Attempts to create international economic stability.
2. Regional aid bringing investment and jobs, eg infrastructure into places likes the Highlands and Islands helping inequalities across the Union.
3. Freedom of movement also helps to solve inequality. Regional aid benefits Europe’s poorer nations.
4. Attempts through the CFP and CAP to safeguard food supplies and to conserve fish stocks.
5. The EU tries to promote peace and security and has become involved in areas outside Europe in recent year. In 2004, Eufor took over peace keeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina providing over 6,000 troops. The European Defence Force (EDF) has also been involved in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Georgia, Indonesia, Sudan and Palestine. Most recently the EU was involved in Libya.
6. Humanitarian aid is given (eg Libya) in partnership with the UN and other NGOs. It assists refugees, treats the injured, prevents human rights abuses and meets other basic needs.
7. The EU tries to create jobs and prosperity across its member states through the European Single Currency.

African Union

1. Organisation of African countries which aims to promote and improve peace and security, improve the socio/economic lives of Africans and promote democracy and human rights.
2. The AU has been central to the fight against AIDS. They have supported education programmes as well as funding treatment centres and training specialist staff.
3. The AU tried to help negotiate a peaceful settlement to the Libyan civil war in 2011. The AU has been involved in “conflict resolution” during several African wars.
4. AU troops have been active as peacekeepers and as combatants in Somalia, fighting against al-Shabab.
5. The AU has captured, detained and tried suspected war criminals from various African conflicts.

Charities and other NGOs

1. Expect reference to charities such as Oxfam, Save the Children, The Red Cross etc.
2. Medical aid, nurses, doctors, medicines.
3. Food aid, provided during times of crisis such as drought or civil war.
4. Emergency relief during refugee crisis, eg food, clean water, vaccinations, shelter, other medical treatments.

Possible approaches to answering the question:

1. Poverty has caused a lot of illegal immigration. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. Many people have been forced to leave their homes and become refugees in Africa, due to a serious famine and civil war. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. Many ships have been hijacked by pirates in the Indian Ocean. Many of these pirates have come from Somalia where there is no real government and people are desperately poor. Tourist yachts are seen as an easy target and several British tourists have been kidnapped and held for ransom. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]
4. Terrorism is a major problem, caused by feelings of injustice among some groups. In the last ten years some extremists have become so angry at the USA’s domination of the world that they have targeted their buildings and citizens. Several US officials were recently killed in Libya. Al Qaeda is an organisation that has vowed to attack the USA and its allies (such as the UK) as they claim they are “anti-Muslim”. Other terrorist organisations exist, including extremists in Northern Ireland who still oppose British government in Ulster. [4 marks—relevant, accurate point with development, analysis and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following: Poverty

1. war
2. unfair trade
3. poor education
4. poor health
5. lack of foreign investment
6. few natural economic resources

War

1. land dispute
2. religious dispute
3. ideological disputes
4. historical disputes
5. expansion ambitions of governments

Piracy

1. poverty
2. break down of law and order in certain parts of Africa

Disease (HIV/AIDS is likely but not the only acceptable context)

1. poor health education
2. traditional communities suspicious of modern medical practices
3. little availability of drugs/treatments/trained staff
4. poor diet
5. poor housing
6. poor sanitation

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Nationalism is one of the main causes of terrorism. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Nationalism is one of the main causes of terrorism as some people want independence for the area they live in but feel they cannot get this peacefully. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Nationalism is one of the main causes of terrorism as some people want independence for the area they live in but feel they cannot get this peacefully. For example, ETA have fought for the independence of the Basque region of Spain. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. religion
2. revenge
3. corrupt Governments
4. Civil War
5. poor health – HIV
6. poor education
7. debt
8. trade
9. nuclear proliferation.

Possible approaches to answering the question — ISSUE – UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

1. The UN sends emergency relief aid. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The UN sends emergency relief aid to assist with disasters such as famine and drought, and has sent items such as medical supplies and food. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. UNICEF works as part of the UN to improve the lives of children. It is working with schools to help improve rates of literacy and has a campaign called Schools for Africa to help some of the millions of children in Africa who do not get the chance to go to school because of war, poverty or discrimination. (3 marks – accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. food/water/emergency relief
2. medical equipment/experts/medicines/vaccinations
3. peace talks/treaty negotiations
4. economic sanctions
5. UN resolutions
6. economic aid
7. specialist workers – engineers, scientists etc
8. financial aid through the World Bank
9. UN may hold peace talks eg with Syrian government during times of conflict. Pressure for government to resign
10. military action by NATO
11. peacekeeping operations.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Civil war has an impact on other countries because they will have to deal with refugees. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. Civil war has an impact on other countries because they will have to deal with refugees. Many civilians try to escape the war and cross the border into other countries which have to provide shelter. (2 marks – accurate point with development)
3. Civil war has an impact on other countries because they will have to deal with refugees. Many civilians try to escape the war and cross the border into other countries which have to provide shelter. For example, many have fled Syria to escape the war to countries such as Greece. (3 marks – accurate with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. membership of NATO means country can be expected to go to war
2. creates instability within your country
3. membership of UN means countries have to pay to provide aid
4. economic refugees
5. effects of mass migration
6. pressure placed on government to provide aid for humanitarian reasons
7. effect of terrorism.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The civil war in Syria has led to many refugees. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The civil war in Syria has led to many refugees and forced people to leave their homes and go to countries such as Lebanon. (2 marks - accurate with exemplification)
3. The civil war in Syria has led to many refugees and forced people to leave their homes and go to countries such as Lebanon. People left the city of Homs as the Syrian army and opposition fighters were fighting for control of the city and over sixteen thousand people died. (3 marks - accurate point with development and detailed exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Migration
2. Piracy
3. Terrorism
4. Child soldiers
5. Poverty
6. Hunger
7. Climate change.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The United Nations has provided aid to Sierra Leone to stop ebola spreading further. (1 mark - accurate but undeveloped point)
2. The United Nations has provided aid to Sierra Leone to stop ebola spreading further. UN agencies such as WHO have sent medical staff to train local healthcare workers so that they have the skills to be self-sufficient. (2 marks - accurate with development)
3. The United Nations has provided aid to Sierra Leone to stop ebola spreading further. UN agencies such as WHO have sent medical staff to train local healthcare workers so that they have the skills to be self-sufficient. WHO has also worked in partnership with developed countries such as the UK to build local treatment centres to care for those affected. (3 marks - accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. UN
2. African Union - Common borders mean conflicts can have a direct impact eg in Zimbabwe and Kenya - AU has a Child’s Charter and so must work to prevent child soldiers, exploitation
3. NATO - Charter sets out collective responsibilities Crisis management one of its aims; political, military or humanitarian
4. EU -impact on member states eg migration, refugees, nearby conflicts such as Syria and Georgia
5. NGO -Purpose is to work in specific field eg Oxfam in famine hit areas.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. ISSUE – UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
2. Many people in African countries do not have access to appropriate levels of healthcare. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
3. Many people in African countries do not have access to appropriate levels of healthcare and as a result many people die each year from illnesses such as malaria. (2 marks – accurate point with development).
4. Some poorer African countries have inadequate health care with too few doctors and nurses. This makes it more difficult to treat preventable illnesses such as diarrhoeal diseases. Each day over 2,000 children die from diarrhoeal diseases around the world more than AIDS, malaria and measles. (3 marks – accurate point with development and exemplification)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Unsafe water/poor sanitary conditions
2. Low life expectancy/high infant mortality rates
3. High illiteracy rates/low levels of education (including attendance)
4. Gender inequalities
5. Refugees
6. Piracy
7. Deaths from conflict
8. Child soldiers
9. Destroyed infrastructure
10. Human rights abuses
11. Effects of Terrorism
12. Restrictions to civil liberties

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Some international organisations are unsuccessful at tackling international terrorism because they do not get enough help from member countries. (1 mark – accurate but undeveloped point)
2. NATOs methods are unsuccessful at tackling international terrorism because, although they are a very powerful military alliance, terrorists are often not easily identifiable. They are not like a country which would be easier for NATO to fight against in the traditional sense. Terrorists don't wear uniforms and don't stick to one country's borders. (3 marks – accurate developed point with exemplification)
3. NATO can't support people who have come under threat from their own governments. Since 2011 they have not been able to stop the on-going conflict between the two warring factions in Libya and as a result they have been unable to protect civilians effectively. NATO is not set up to help install new governments and ensure security and stability in places like Libya, it was only effective in the military conflict against Colonel Gaddafi. After this, NATO members did not want the expense of rebuilding the country in the long term. (4 marks - accurate developed point with exemplification and analysis)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Lack of training of local security services
2. Tribal/Civil War in Africa
3. Corrupt government
4. Sanctions affect some countries more than others
5. The extent of poverty
6. Financial constraints
7. Lack of cooperation
8. Inappropriate aid
9. Unfair trade
10. Fair Trade
11. Increased access to anti-retroviral therapy
12. Increased enrolment in education
13. Success of UN Specialised Agencies
14. Success of Sustainable Development Goals

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. African people living in poverty often go hungry. [1 mark—accurate but undeveloped point]
2. During a conflict many people have become refugees as their homes have been destroyed by armed forces. [2 marks—accurate point with development]
3. Many children in countries like Botswana have been left orphaned by AIDS. This has denied them an education and resulted in a lifetime of poverty. Their health will also be affected as they will be unable to afford healthcare. [3 marks—accurate point with development and exemplification]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Poverty
2. Ill-health
3. Crime/violent assault/murder/rape
4. Child soldiers/child labour/child abduction
5. Loss of family
6. Homeless
7. Terrorism
8. Piracy
9. Nuclear Weapons
10. Refugees
11. Loss of liberty/kidnapping
12. Loss of property/business/job
13. No marks should be awarded for the identification of the world issue or problem.
14. Any other valid reason that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. The conflict in Ukraine has not been solved by the EU as Russia is providing arms to the rebels. [1 mark — accurate but undeveloped point]
2. The UN has tried to stop the recent Israel/Palestine conflict by arranging peace talks. It failed as Israel was determined to stop rockets being fired at its territory and ignored the invitation to the peace talks. [2 marks — accurate point with development]
3. Piracy is a big problem off the coast of Somalia. The NATO naval task force has been successful as it has around 25 warships which patrol the area and protect shipping. NATO ships have reduced the problem but the area involved is so large and the Somali's are so poor it is probably impossible to stop it totally. [4 marks — accurate point with development, exemplification and analysis]

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. Libya – success as NATO military power was too much for Libya.
2. Libya – failure as tribal/religious rivalries making progress difficult.
3. Syria – failure of the UN to agree collective action – Russian veto.
4. Syria – the UN have been successful in feeding refugees as they are in neighbouring countries which have offered assistance and are easier to reach.
5. Terrorism – success as vast resources committed by NATO.
6. Terrorism - failure – religious/ethnic/political feelings are too strong and cannot be easily controlled. Extremists are willing to give their own lives, which is difficult to combat.
7. Child Soldiers – War Child has been successful in the Democratic Republic of Congo in that they have accommodated, rehabilitated and reintegrated children who have been displaced from their homes due to conflict.
8. Child Soldiers – failure – much of the DR Congo is still desperately poor and still in conflict.
9. No marks should be awarded for the identification of the world issue or conflict.
10. Any other valid point that meets the criteria described in the general marking instructions for this kind of question (see column to left).

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. Organisations send aid to help starving people. (1 mark)
2. The UN provide tents and medicines for refugees. (2 marks)
3. Charities such as the Red Cross provide experts such as doctors and nurses to areas where natural disasters have occurred eg they spent many millions of pounds on field hospitals to help the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines. (3 marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following (Answers may vary greatly depending on the international conflict or issue studied.)

1. Food/water/emergency relief
2. Medical equipment/experts/medicines/vaccinations
3. Peace talks/treaty negotiations
4. Economic sanctions
5. UN resolutions
6. Economic Aid
7. Specialist workers – engineers, scientists etc
8. Financial Aid through the world bank
9. UN may hold peace talks eg with Syrian government during times of conflict. Pressure for government to resign.

Possible approaches to answering the question

1. HIV/Aids is caused by poor education. (1mark)
2. Terrorism usually happens when a group of people feel they have been badly treated by a government. For example the Boston bombings were carried out by people who thought they had been unfairly treated by the USA. (2 marks)
3. Piracy is a major problem especially off the north east coast of Africa. Many poor people in Somalia are forced or persuaded to hi-jack ships and to take hostages by local gangs. There can be more money in it than there is in fishing. (3 marks)

Credit reference to aspects of the following

1. War in Afghanistan – response to terror/establish democracy
2. The "Arab Spring" – demand for human rights, impact of internet
3. International Debt – corruption, poverty, war, Western banks
4. Poverty/Famine – natural disaster, war, climate, corruption, unfair trade
5. Illegal immigration – poverty, famine, war